Statistical models and shoe leather
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
John Snow's discovery of the cause of cholera in London in the 1850s came about from the clarity of the prior reasoning, the bringing together of many different lines of evidence, and the amount of shoe leather Snow was willing to use to get the data.
“For example, John Snow's discovery of the cause of cholera in London in the 1850s came about from 'the clarity of the prior reasoning, the bringing together of many different lines of evidence, and the amount of shoe leather Snow was willing to use to get the data.'”
From Illusions in Regression Analysis (2011) · cites this paper as Freedman (1991)
Researchers made scientific discoveries about causality prior to the availability of regression analysis.
“Researchers made scientific discoveries about causality prior to the availability of regression analysis as shown by Freedman (1991) in his paper aptly titled 'Statistical models and shoe leather.'”
From Illusions in Regression Analysis (2011) · cites this paper as Freedman (1991)
The three characteristics of good science described by Freedman-clarity of prior reasoning, bringing together many different lines of evidence, and amount of shoe leather-are missing from most regression analyses in journals.
“These three characteristics of good science, described by Freedman, are missing from most regression analyses that I see in journals.”
From Illusions in Regression Analysis (2011) · cites this paper as Freedman (1991)
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
Cited by 333
- Authors
- Freedman, D. A.
- Corresponding author
- Freedman, David A.
- Venue
- Sociological Methodology
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 21
- Pages
- 291
- ISSN
- 0081-1750 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4255405844
- Cited by
- 333
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sociological Methodology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Education › Diverse Academic Research Areas
- Keywords
- statistical models, model specification, econometrics, model misspecification
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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