The Consequences of Cross-Cutting Networks for Political Participation

“In addition, even though political participation is often viewed as a key characteristic of democracy (Gil de Zúñiga et al., 2010; Mutz, 2002; Pattie and Jonston, 2013), its impact is not uniformly positive.”

“This kind of ties is widespread on real-world societies, in which daily-life interactions can bring divergent views close together [46, 30, 33, 34, 35].”

“When people detect toxicity, some may be discouraged and retreat from engagement (Kilgo et al., 2018; Theocharis et al., 2016), especially among those with high levels of conflict aversion who tend to avoid contexts where they might encounter contentious interactions (Mutz, 2002).”

“The societal consequences of selective political exposure on democratic deliberation are a matter of concern [41].”

“As an extension of face-to-face communication among existing offline ties (Ishii, 2006), talking about politics within a politically homogeneous IM network may confirm preexisting views, which could stimulate political action (Feezell, 2016; Flanagan, 1991; Mutz, 2002b).”

“Income is operationalised in the ESS via a ten-point indicator that signals the income percentile to which each respondent identified from the population of each country in a particular year.”

“, 2014; Nickerson, 2008), are correlational in nature (Huckfeldt and Sprague, 1995; Kenny, 1992; La Due Lake and Huckfeldt, 1998; McClurg, 2003; Mutz, 2002).”

“Previous research shows that the sociodemographic composition and the partisan/ideological diversity of neighborhoods influence political participation (Cho, Gimpel, & Dyck, 2006; Costa & Kahn, 2003; Enos, 2016, 2018; McClurg, 2006; Mutz, 2002a, 2002b; Oliver, 2001).”

“…of multi-optional media environments that can impair political participation (Dilliplane, 2011; Knobloch-Westerwick & Johnson, 2014; Matthes, 2012; Mutz, 2002, 2006), increase political polarization (Garrett, 2009a, 2009b; Knobloch-Westerwick & Meng, 2011), or deepen knowledge gaps (Drew &…”

“This aversion of social conflict can induce individuals to withdraw from political participation (Mutz, 2002b).”

“Communication with people having opposing opinions may impede one’s political engagement (Hopmann, 2012; Mutz, 2002).”

“According to Mutz (2002), individuals who are faced with cross-cutting pressure from multiple group affiliations often experience two psychological mechanisms in their decision making process: ambivalence and social accountability.”

“Consistent with the findings, Mutz (2002) argued that exposure to opinion-challenging information could make people uncertain about their positions.”

“This indicates that, in Chinese societies, the potential exposure to cross-cutting or low-quality political information may not induce ambivalent political views (Mutz 2002, 2006) or negatively shape the formation of political knowledge (Conroy et al. 2012).”

“Of course, polarization is not an unequivocal problem (Testa, 2012), exposure to cross-cutting ideas is not an unmitigated good (Mutz, 2002), nor is it guaranteed that virtual assistants will be used as echo chambers.”

“Specifically in regard to political discussion, social network diversity has been shown to be related to both increased political engagement (Lake & Huckfeldt, 1998) and lower political participation (Mutz, 2002).”

“…rely on “cheap” sources of information available within their social environment, including gaining knowledge from agreeable, trustworthy, and knowledgeable cohorts that enables political activity (Downs, 1957; Huckfeldt, 2001; Huckfeldt & Sprague, 1995; McClurg, 2006; Mondak, 1990; Mutz, 2002a).”

“The analysis draws on social-psychology theory, which suggests that the prospect of revealing political preferences might cause some to withdraw from politics (Hayes et al. 2006; Mutz 2002; Ulbig and Funk 1999).”

“According to some empirical studies, political disagreement within the network tends to dampen turnout [34, 16].”

“Political ambivalence is defined as “the simultaneous presence of both positive and negative considerations directed toward the same attitude object” (Mutz, 2002, p. 843).”

“There is rich literature that displays how social networks, best described as the web of friendships and acquaintances an individual has, are an important determinant of political preferences (Mutz 2002).”

“As people hear a wide range of perspectives and listen to others ’ rationale, they may become more tolerant (Mutz 2002), less hostile (Amsalem, Merkley, and Loewen 2022), more knowledgeable (Mutz and Mondak 2006), and more willing to discuss politics with those who hold opposing perspectives in the…”

“…of global evaluations with specific beliefs and assessments (Lavine, 2001), increased likelihood of split-ticket voting (Mulligan, 2011), decreased predictability of political behavior (Basinger & Lavine, 2005; Greene, 2005; Lavine, 2001), and lower turnout (C x akır, 2022; Mutz, 2002).”

“Such homogeneous information mobilizes political participation (e.g., Lee et al., 2018; Mutz, 2002; Ohme, 2021).”

“Furthermore, interpersonal relations might expose individuals to conflicting views that are likely to discourage voting (Mutz 2002).”

“In brief, associations are assumed to be “learning schools for democracy”, fostering democratic attitudes and values such as tolerance and concern for other people (Warren 2001; Mutz 2002; Morales and Geurts 2007).”

“2004) may have a negative effect on turnout; or alternatively, conflict aversion may depress participation in areas with partisan and ideological diversity (Mutz 2002).”

“…(1) people are less prone to express their political opinions in the face of disagreeing others than with those with whom they agree (Noelle-Neumann, 1974; Ulbig & Funk, 1999) and (2) politically heterogeneous networks are essential for exposing people to diverse opinions (Mutz, 2002).”

“…similarly more likely to concede the legitimacy of others’ opinions (Mutz, 2002a, 2006), more tolerant of people who hold those opposing viewpoints (Mutz, 2002a, 2006), and more likely to hold both positive and negative views about their preferred candidate and his or her opponent (Huckfeldt et…”

“This expectation has been demonstrated by several works (Huckfeldt and Sprague, 1995; Mutz, 2002; Huckfeldt et al., 2004), which show how strong relationships tend to present higher levels of opinions’ homogeneity.”

“The second hypothesis that may explain the negative relation between closeness and turnout can be found in the literature on political participation in heterogeneous areas (Mutz 2002, Alesina and La Ferrera 2000).”

“This prospect is rooted in contact theory (Allport, 1954), which in the context of political relations would suggest that encountering belief-challenging information will increase the willingness to compromise and may have a depolarizing effect (Mutz, 2002 ).”

“Furthermore, discussion of political issues builds understanding of different views of political problems, which increases political trust (Mutz, 2002).”

“…which we measured. significant relationships between cross-cutting exposure and attitude extremity (Wojcieszak et al., 2016), attitudinal ambivalence (Mutz, 2002; Visser and Mirabile, 2004), and attitude certainty (Cargnino and Neubaum, 2022; Gill, 2022), all of which are indicators of…”

“On the one hand, in a political context, for instance, individuals’ views are more quickly crystalized when their views are endorsed by their network; accordingly, they are more likely to express their views (Mutz, 2002).”

“The potentially adverse effects of political conflict is well-studied (e.g. Mutz, 2002).”

“Hence, between-party discussion disagreement should reduce ambivalent political views and, therefore, shorten the time taken to form electoral preference and motivate participation in various political activities (Johnson, 2014; Mutz, 2002b; Nir, 2005).”

“Social network size refers the number of people one interacts with on a regular basis (Wasserman and Faust 1994), and it is well-known to be positively associated a number of forms of political participation (Huckfeldt, Mendez, and Osborn 2004; Ikeda 2012; Mutz 2002).”

“Namely, exposure to diverse opinions would allow people to rationally think about political issues and increase their level of political tolerance via awareness of the rationale for oppositional opinions (Mutz, 2002a, 2002b) or by developing democratic values (Ekström and Östman, 2013).”

“Using two theories of peerinfluenced engagement – corrective action (Rojas, 2010) and supportive engagement (Mutz, 2002a) – we examine how these conditions affect opinion change and likelihood of expressing an opinion.”

“While deliberation is intended to bring about greater understanding of an issue, this often involves exposure to political cross pressures that may have negative consequences for political participation (Mutz, 2002, 2006; Noelle-Neumann, 1984; Wojcieszak, Baek, & Delli Carpini, 2010).”

“Citizens may be exposed to crosscutting viewpoints regarding the candidates (Mutz, 2002) in their social networks via face-to-face discussions (e.g., Huckfeldt & Sprague, 1992; Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993) or online (Bond et al., 2012).”

“Early studies determined whether someone was cross-pressured by social category membership, such as being both white-collar and Catholic (Mutz, 2002).”

“The demobilizing effect of network heterogeneity is highlighted by Mutz (2002), where exposure to diverse perspectives in one’s discussion increases social risk while reducing any sense of having a social anchor or bridge, yet Kwak et al.”

“Some hold that “it makes little sense to argue that discussants’ views will influence the respondent even when these views have not been clearly communicated” (Mutz, 2002, p. 843).”

“A growing body of research suggests that the social network a person is embedded in plays a prominent role in the stability and change of his or her attitudes (Eaton, Majka, & Visser, 2008; Huckfeldt, Mendez, & Osborn, 2004; Mutz, 2002; Visser & Mirabile, 2004).”

“Conflict avoiding individuals view conflict more negatively, while conflict approaching individuals are more positively oriented towards conflict in social interactions (Mutz 2002; Testa et al .”

“Mengurangi pengaruh partai politik dapat meminimalkan konflik kepentingan, karena pejabat dapat lebih fokus pada kepentingan publik daripada agenda partai (Mutz, 2002).”

“…studies before the rise of social media indicated that political diversity in one’s social network may decrease one’s participation in politics (Mutz 2002; Huckfeldt, Mendez, and Osborn 2004), and one empirical analysis of Facebook data echoes this finding by showing that political…”

“Past research has also suggested that participating in politically cross-cutting social networks can be demobilizing (Mutz 2002).”

“In contrast, heterogeneous talk may enable greater tolerance of differences but deflate political participation, which Mutz (2002, 2006) refers to as the paradox of deliberative democracy.”

“While exposure to conflicting views can enhance the recognition and understanding of diverse perspectives necessary for a functional deliberative democracy (Price et al., 2002), it can also lead to attitude ambiv-alence and inaction (Mutz, 2002).”

“…con fl icts with their short-term policy preferences or evaluations (often driven by another identity), they are considered cross-pressured par-tisans (Berelson, Lazarsfeld, and McFee 1954; Hillygus and Shields 2008; Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet 1968; Mutz 2002; Treier and Hillygus 2009).”

“…environments (Papacharissi, 2009), their feelings of ambivalence (Chen & Lin, 2021; Moehler & Conroy-Krutz, 2016), anxiety over social accountability (Mutz, 2002, 2006), conformity intention (Noelle-Neumann, 1974), and motivated skepticism (Taber & Lodge, 2006) in the face of counter-attitudinal…”

“Cross-cutting exposure also buffers political participation (Mutz 2002b); and once people are exposed to political disagreement, they are more likely to hold ambivalence about their own political views.”

“…fit theory) predict that partisans are biased (Roth et al., 2017), (2) significant political discussion occurs within the workplace (Mutz, 2002; Wyatt et al., 2000), (3) managers’ partisanship influences their corporate decisions (Gupta et al., 2018; Tetlock, 2000), and (4)…”

“On the other hand, more elaborations on the opinion of the topic would make participants notice multiple facets of the topic and lead to ambivalences toward the topic, which may dampen the motivation for future civic engagement (Mutz 2002).”

“When individuals experience a high degree of social sorting, they are correspondingly more isolated from outgroups and more prone to anger in the face of a potential threat (Mutz 2002a).”

“The ideological tendency, which represents the support of a party, is more interested in the news of the supportive tendency, and it decreases the political involvement as it is exposed to the opinion opposite to the support tendency of the individual[13, 24, 25, 28].”

“Conversations with people of differing political views were shown to weaken an individual’s resolution to vote as a result of exposing them to new political information (Mutz 2002; Costa & Kahn 2004; McClurg 2006).”

“Cross-cutting exposure, defined as exposure to conflicting, incompatible opinions from social interactions, also enters the analysis, because it can lead to ambivalence (Mutz 2002).”

“Furthermore, politically diverse personal networks increase awareness of oppositional viewpoints and political tolerance (Mutz, 2002).”