The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units
Abstract
This paper examines overlooked developments in contemporary policing: the growth in the number of, and a significant shift in the character of. United States police paramilitary units (PPUs). A survey of all police departments serving cities of 50,000 people or more provides the first comprehensive national data on PPUs. Findings document a rise in the number of PPUs, an escalation in their level of activity, a normalization of these units into mainstream policing, and a direct link between PPUs and the U.S. military. These findings reflect the aggressive turn many law enforcement agencies are assuming behind the rhetoric of community and problem-oriented policing reforms.
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Cites
THE NEW PENOLOGY: NOTES ON THE EMERGING STRATEGY OF CORRECTIONS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS*
FEELEY, M. M., & SIMON, J. (1992) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01112.x · Cited by 2,434
HOT SPOTS OF PREDATORY CRIME: ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AND THE CRIMINOLOGY OF PLACE*
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Medicalization and Social Control
Conrad, P. (1992) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.001233 · Cited by 1,998
McHugh, P., Spector, M., & Kitsuse, J. I. (1978) · Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie · doi:10.2307/3340284 · Cited by 1,451
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Cited by
Political Repression: Iron Fists, Velvet Gloves, and Diffuse Control
Earl, J. (2011) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102609 · Cited by 445
Tilly, C. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511618185 · Cited by 437
Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation
Mummolo, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1805161115 · Cited by 231
Hinkle, J. C., & Weisburd, D. (2008) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.09.010 · Cited by 230
Limiting Dissent: The Mechanisms of State Repression in the USA
BOYKOFF, J. (2007) · Social Movement Studies · doi:10.1080/14742830701666988 · Cited by 138
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraska, P. B., & Kappeler, V. E.
- Venue
- Social Problems
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-02
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-18
- ISSN
- 0037-7791 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-8533
- OpenAlex
- W2109585916
- Cited by
- 462
- References
- 27
- FWCI
- 53.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
