The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Two Studies of Legal Stigma
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“First, Schwartz and Skolnick's study, while clearly demonstrating the substantial effect of criminal stigma, is limited to one job type only (an unskilled hotel job).”
From The Mark of a Criminal Record (2003) · cites this paper as Schwartz and Skolnick (1962)
In the citing paper
“In each condition, employers were less likely to consider applicants who had any prior contact with the criminal justice system.”
From The Mark of a Criminal Record (2003) · cites this paper as Schwartz and Skolnick (1962)
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pager, D. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/374403 · Cited by 2,840
The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality
Western, B. (2002) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240206700403 · Cited by 711
The Labor Market Consequences of Incarceration
Western, B., Kling, J. R., & Weiman, D. F. (2001) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128701047003007 · Cited by 499
Collateral Consequences of Punishment: A Critical Review and Path Forward
Kirk, D. S., & Wakefield, S. (2018) · Annual Review of Criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092045 · Cited by 346
DOES IMPRISONMENT ALTER THE LIFE COURSE? EVIDENCE ON CRIME AND EMPLOYMENT FROM A NATURAL EXPERIMENT
LOEFFLER, C. E. (2013) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12000 · Cited by 181
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwartz, R. D., & Skolnick, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Social Problems
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1962-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 133-142
- ISSN
- 0037-7791 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-8533
- OpenAlex
- W2002694441
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Problems (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime, Deviance, and Social Control
- Keywords
- stigma, criminal records, social stigma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Two Studies of Legal Stigma. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1525/sp.1962.10.2.03a00030
- The paper
- Schwartz, R. D., & Skolnick, J. H. (1962). Two Studies of Legal Stigma. Social Problems. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1962.10.2.03a00030
