Cited by 2,049Violence, Religion, and PhilosophyBiblical Studies and InterpretationCultural and Mythological Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year.

Violence and the Sacred

Open access

GIRARD, RENÉ·2007·On Violence

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Ren Girard (1923-) was Professor of French Language, Literature and Civilization at Stanford Unviersity from 1981 until his retirement in 1995. Violence and the Sacred is Girard's brilliant study of human evil. Girard explores violence as it is represented and occurs throughout history, literature and myth. Girard's forceful and thought-provoking analyses of Biblical narrative, Greek tragedy and the lynchings and pogroms propagated by contemporary states illustrate his central argument that violence belongs to everyone and is at the heart of the sacred. Translated by Patrick Gregory

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/j.ctv120qr2d.27

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Still being checked.

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 1,002

Patriarchy, Christianity, and the African HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Rethinking Christian Marriage in Light of the Experiences of HIV Positive Women in Tanzania
Browning, M. (2011) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago) · Cited by 3
Reproduction and the state: Betweenbodily performance and legal performativity
Schuster, H. (1999) · Angelaki · doi:10.1080/09697259908572025 · Cited by 3
The Creativity of Resentment in Italian Society
Tomelleri, S. (2009) · World Futures · doi:10.1080/02604020903300600 · Cited by 3
A tale of two wars: great expectations, hard times
Keen, D. (2009) · Conflict Security and Development · doi:10.1080/14678800903345804 · Cited by 3
Abject and Defiled: Signora Neroni's Body and the Question of Domestic Violence in Barchester Towers
Lawson, K. (1995) · Victorian review · doi:10.1353/vcr.1995.0021 · Cited by 3
History As Group Fantasy
O’Gorman, E. (2010) · Cultural Critique · doi:10.1353/cul.0.0071 · Cited by 3
Rereading Sacrifice: The Semiosis of Blood
Janowitz, N. (2015) · Signs and Society · doi:10.1086/683075 · Cited by 3
Violence and the Other in Hinduism and Islam: 1809 Lat Bhairon Riots of Banaras
Visuvalingam, S., & Chalier-Visuvalingam, E. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2613-0_6 · Cited by 3
TheQuerelle des femmes
Wilkin, R. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316681572.023 · Cited by 3
Religious Conflicts in the Middle East: Christianity Versus Islam and Sunni Versus Shiite
Kwan, D. S., & Yu, F. T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6462-4_1 · Cited by 3
Terror as potentiality – the affective rhythms of the political
Diken, B., & Laustsen, C. B. (2018) · Journal for Cultural Research · doi:10.1080/14797585.2019.1631998 · Cited by 3
Dionysos as Destroyer of the Household: Homer, Tragedy and the Polis
Seaford, R. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316761588.003 · Cited by 3
Social Marginalisation and Scapegoating: A Study of Mob Lynching in Pakistan and India
Ali, K. (2020) · Pakistan Social Sciences Review · doi:10.35484/pssr.2020(4-ii)42 · Cited by 3
The Persistence of Sacrifice as Self-Sacrifice and Its Contemporary Embodiment in the 9/11 Rescuers and COVID-19 Healthcare Professionals
Gimeno, J. G., & Capdequí, C. S. (2021) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel12050323 · Cited by 3
The separation between ethics and politics: Max Weber on ancient Judaism and modernity
Chowers, E. (2021) · European Journal of Social Theory · doi:10.1177/13684310211046425 · Cited by 3
Mimetic Self-Reflexivity and Intersubjectivity in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practices: The Mirror Neuron System in Breast Cancer Survivorship
Agarwal, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2021.641219 · Cited by 3
Singing in the Fire
Shepkaru, S. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499111.010 · Cited by 2
Jesuit Art
Mochizuki, M. M. (2022) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004498228_002 · Cited by 3
Modernity and mimetic desire: A critique of René Girard
Lev, A. (2022) · Constellations · doi:10.1111/1467-8675.12640 · Cited by 3
Against Friendship
Allen, L. C., & Garrison, J. S. (2022) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478023272-011 · Cited by 3
Virtuous organizations: Desire, consumption and human flourishing in an era of climate change
Moore, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2022.960054 · Cited by 3
The largest headhunting event in prehistoric Asia: evidence of mass decapitation at the 4100-year-old Neolithic Age Honghe site, Heilongjiang, China
Gao, G., Zhang, Q., Sun, X., Zhang, Q., Wang, Q., & Wang, Q. (2023) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-023-01845-x · Cited by 3
The Inoperative Community in Twenty-First-Century British Theatre
Middeke, M. (2024) · Journal of Contemporary Drama in English · doi:10.1515/jcde-2024-2002 · Cited by 3
Music and Monotheism
Wilson, G. F. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009158916 · Cited by 3
A Trauma's History: Pablo Escobar as Ghostly Myth and the Neoliberal Social Contract
Cabañas, M. A. (2019) · Revista De Estudios Hispanicos · doi:10.1353/rvs.2019.0002 · Cited by 3
Violence from Religious Groups
Pahl, J. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_17 · Cited by 3
C. S. Lewis and René Girard on Desire, Conversion, and Myth: The Case ofTill We Have Faces
Gruenler, C. (2011) · Christianity & Literature · doi:10.1177/014833311106000203 · Cited by 3
The Necessity of Sacrifice for Consciousness: Attitude and Meaning
Feather, J. (2013) · Psychological Perspectives · doi:10.1080/00332925.2013.815066 · Cited by 3
From Freedom and Equality to Domination and Subordination: Feminist and Anti-Colonialist Critiques of the Vattelian Heritage
Carty, T., & Zhang, X. (2013) · Netherlands yearbook of international law · doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-915-3_3 · Cited by 3
Gender Role Reversal and the Violated Lesbian Body
Hornsby, T. J. (1999) · Journal of Lesbian Studies · doi:10.1300/j155v03n03_06 · Cited by 3
“Am I My Brother's Keeper?” (Genesis IV:9): Violence and the Making of Society
Paine, R. T. (2001) · Qualitative Sociology · doi:10.1023/a:1010718024931 · Cited by 3
Mimesis and Compassion in Care for People with Disabilities
Brown, W. S., Garrels, S. R., & Reimer, K. S. (2011) · Journal of Religion Disability & Health · doi:10.1080/15228967.2011.620383 · Cited by 3
The Available Means of Preservation: Aristotelian Rhetoric, Ostracism, and Political Catharsis
Stoneman, E. (2013) · Rhetoric Society Quarterly · doi:10.1080/02773945.2013.768351 · Cited by 3
Girard, Mediated Texts, and the Modern Death Penalty
Brewin, M. (2012) · Journal of Media and Religion · doi:10.1080/15348423.2012.730318 · Cited by 3
Girls Will Be Boys: Gender, Envy, and the Freudian Social Contract
Stewart‐Steinberg, S. (2007) · differences · doi:10.1215/10407391-2007-002 · Cited by 3
Logics of violence: Religion and the practice of philosophy
Beardsworth, R. (2000) · Journal for Cultural Research · doi:10.1080/14797580009367192 · Cited by 3
On the Rationality of Sacrifice
Dupuy, J. (2003) · Contagion Journal of Violence Mimesis and Culture · doi:10.1353/ctn.2003.0011 · Cited by 3
Divinising Technology and Violence: Technopoly, the Warfare State, and the Revolution in Military Affairs
Rose, P. (2012) · Journal of Contemporary Religion · doi:10.1080/13537903.2012.722020 · Cited by 3
“Better occasional murders than frequent adulteries”;. banditry, violence and sacrifice in the mediterranean∗∗
Cassia, P. S. (2000) · History and Anthropology · doi:10.1080/02757206.2000.9960928 · Cited by 3
The Question of Law Analysis
Sitze, A. (2007) · American imago · doi:10.1353/aim.2007.0035 · Cited by 3
To control death: Sacrifice and space in classical Greece
Endsjø, D. Ø. (2003) · Religion · doi:10.1016/j.religion.2003.09.003 · Cited by 3
Militarism, Martial Arts, and Aesthetics in Japan
Ben‐Ari, E. (2005) · Reviews in Anthropology · doi:10.1080/00938150500321054 · Cited by 3
Consensus and coercion-prerequisites for government in early States
Claessen, H. J. M. (1994) · International Journal of Anthropology · doi:10.1007/bf02442184 · Cited by 3
The Questionability of Music
Fitzgerald, W. (1994) · Representations · doi:10.1525/rep.1994.46.1.99p0226i · Cited by 3
Denis Johnson'sJesus' Son: To Kingdom Come
Parrish, T. L. (2001) · Critique Studies in Contemporary Fiction · doi:10.1080/00111610109602169 · Cited by 3
"Shame and Eternal Shame": The Dynamics of Historical Trauma in Shakespeare's First Tetralogy
Ellinghausen, L. (2008) · Exemplaria · doi:10.1179/175330708x334529 · Cited by 3
Le due facce della mimesi. La teoria mimetica di Girard, la simulazione incarnata e l'identificazione sociale
Gallese, V. (2010) · PSICOBIETTIVO · doi:10.3280/psob2009-002005 · Cited by 4
“The stricken community”: Recidivism and Restoration in American 9/11 Fiction
Heffernan, J. J., & Salván, P. M. (2013) · Arizona quarterly/The Arizona quarterly · doi:10.1353/arq.2013.0008 · Cited by 3
Inter-Civilizational Relations and the Destiny of the West
Segesvary, V. (2004) · Cited by 3
Mimetic theory: toward a New Zealand application
Packer, M. J. (2014) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2014.974623 · Cited by 3
The Frazerian roots of contemporary theories of religion and violence
Segal, R. A. (2007) · Religion · doi:10.1016/j.religion.2007.01.006 · Cited by 3
‘There's Our Catastrophe’: Empathy, Sacrifice, and the Stageing of Suffering in Beckett's Theatre
Fox, M. D. (2001) · New Theatre Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0266464x00014998 · Cited by 3
Seductive Violence and Three Chaucerian Women
O’Brien, T. D. (2001) · College literature · Cited by 3
The Patriarch’s Balls: Class-Consciousness, Violence, and Dystopia in George Saunders’ Vision of Contemporary America
Nalerio, J. (2015) · Miscelánea A Journal of English and American Studies · doi:10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20157207 · Cited by 3
Editor's introduction: Is symbolic violence related to real violence?
Juergensmeyer, M. (1991) · Terrorism and Political Violence · doi:10.1080/09546559108427112 · Cited by 3
In Defence of the Real: The ‘Pathology’ of Violence in Buddhist Folk Rituals and Statecraft of Sri Lanka: A Psychoanalytic Review
Bandyopadhyay, D. (2016) · Contemporary Buddhism · doi:10.1080/14639947.2015.1135534 · Cited by 3
The End of the Road
Brottman, M., & Sharrett, C. (2001) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-09321-9_18 · Cited by 3
Tragedy and political authority
Hattaway, M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cco9781139095747.008 · Cited by 3
Bir Osmanlı Başıbozuğunun İtirafları: 19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Kişinin Kendini Temsili ve Yorumlayıcı Çevreler
Esmer, T. U. (2014) · Osmanlı Araştırmaları · doi:10.18589/oa.562134 · Cited by 3
Sacred Insemination: Christian Iconography in Alan Parker'sBirdyand Paul Schrader'sAmerican Gigolo
Borden, D. M. (1993) · Christianity & Literature · doi:10.1177/014833319304200308 · Cited by 3
In Search of a Scapegoat: The Global Corporate Blame Game
Çınarlı, İ. (2016) · Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies · doi:10.30935/ojcmt/5642 · Cited by 3
Jacques Derrida and Deconstruction
Rekret, P. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316681572.052 · Cited by 3
Human sacrifice and value
Løvschal, M., Gullbekk, S. H., Johansen, M.-L. E., O’Neill, S., Walsh, M. J., & Willerslev, R. (2019) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.104 · Cited by 3
Art and Tradition in a Time of Uprisings
Levine, G. (2020) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/12392.001.0001 · Cited by 3
Gardens, Climate Changes, and Cultures
Lähde, V. (2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822387718-004 · Cited by 3
The Search for an Internationalist Aesthetics: Soviet Images of China, 1920-1935.
Tyerman, E. (2014) · doi:10.7916/d8p55knd · Cited by 3
Gewalt durch religiöse Gruppen
Pahl, J. (2002) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-80376-4_17 · Cited by 3
Violence, Democracy, and Human Rights in Latin America
Landman, T. (2010) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822392033-009 · Cited by 3
Fear of Small Numbers
(2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822387541-004 · Cited by 3
Globalization and Violence
(2006) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822387541-003 · Cited by 3
The Structural Problems of Marriage in Euripides
Seaford, R. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316761588.015 · Cited by 3
“Chips off the old block”: Birching, Social Class, and the English Public Schools
Watterson, W. C. (1996) · Nineteenth Century Studies · doi:10.2307/45196773 · Cited by 3
Recasting La Malinche's Role as Symbolic Mother in Eugenio Aguirre's Isabel Moctezuma
Tate, J. (2019) · Hispania · doi:10.1353/hpn.2019.0074 · Cited by 3
A New History of the Church in Wales
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108583930 · Cited by 3
Communication is war by other means: a new perspective on war and communication in the thought of twentieth century selected communication scholars
Sonderling, S. (2012) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 3
Sacrifice and Violence
McClymond, K. T. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781394250592.ch22 · Cited by 3
Die spel van die falliese, kastratiewe en farmakoniese in Pieter Fourie seDie koggelaar
Vermeulen, H. J. (1992) · Journal of Literary Studies · doi:10.1080/02564719208529998 · Cited by 3
Irony and License in New Memories of the Conquest:Gonzalo Guerrero
Reckley, A. R. (1992) · Symposium A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures · doi:10.1080/00397709.1992.10733770 · Cited by 3
Seeing through a mask's confession
Smith, A. R. (1989) · Text and Performance Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10462938909365923 · Cited by 3
Jamesian Gossip and the Seductive Politics of Interest
Schantz, N. (2001) · The Henry James Review · doi:10.1353/hjr.2001.0011 · Cited by 3
Rational action and uncontrolled violence: Explaining Hindu communalism
Gold, D. (1991) · Religion · doi:10.1016/0048-721x(91)90038-r · Cited by 3
"What makes the war" : everyday life in a military community
MacLeish, K. (2010) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 3
Towards a theatre of psychagogia : an experimental application of the Sesame approach into psychophysical actor training
Batzoglou, A. (2012) · Central Research and Creativity Online (The Royal Central School of Speech and Drama) · Cited by 3
Bibliography
Grimes, R. L. (1984) · Religious Studies Review · doi:10.1111/j.1748-0922.1984.tb00273.x · Cited by 3
Methodological Approaches to Greek Tragedy
(2013) · The Encyclopedia of Greek Tragedy · doi:10.1002/9781118351222.wbegt4870 · Cited by 3
Crossing the Boundaries: Triple Horns and Emblematic Transference
Green, M. J. (1998) · European Journal of Archaeology · doi:10.1179/eja.1998.1.2.219 · Cited by 3
Savaş Sonrası Japonya’sında Amerikan Etkisinin Mimetik Bir Okuması: Iko Toraberingu 1948
Salğar, H. (2024) · Edebî Eleştiri Dergisi · doi:10.31465/eeder.1504572 · Cited by 2
For a Historical Grammar of Concepts
Iqbal, B. K., & Odabaei, M. (2025) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061144-007 · Cited by 2
The Individualising and Universalising Discourse of Law: Victims in Truth Commissions and Trials
Humphrey, M. (2013) · T.M.C. Asser Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-912-2_5
Christianity and Violence
Krueger, D. (2013) · Religion Compass · doi:10.1111/rec3.12044 · Cited by 2
Repairing Injustice: The Contradictions of Forgiveness and The Ivory Tower
Armstrong, P. B. (2009) · The Henry James Review · doi:10.1353/hjr.0.0031 · Cited by 2
The Sacred and the Myth: Havel's Greengrocer and the Transformation of Ideology in Communist Czechoslovakia
Shore, M. (1996) · Contagion Journal of Violence Mimesis and Culture · doi:10.1353/ctn.1996.0005 · Cited by 2
Oedipus and Cain: Brothers in arms
Vleminck, J. D. (2010) · International Forum of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/08037061003657329 · Cited by 2
Remembrance, Holocaust, Globalization
Burnett, M. T. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230800809_6 · Cited by 2
Terror and theLeviathan
Barilan, Y. M. (2016) · Pragmatics & Cognition · doi:10.1075/pc.23.3.08bar · Cited by 2
A Tale of Two Mimeses: Dickens'sA Tale of Two Citiesand René Girard
Rulo, K. M. (2009) · Christianity & Literature · doi:10.1177/014833310905900102 · Cited by 2
Political crimes in the transition to modernity: Anthropological perspectives
Thomassen, B. (2013) · Anthropological notebooks · Cited by 2
The Paris School of Liberal Political Economy
Hart, D. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316681572.036 · Cited by 2
Sentiments of Resentment: Desiring Others, Desiring Justice
Brighi, E. (2019) · Contagion Journal of Violence Mimesis and Culture · doi:10.14321/contagion.26.2019.0179 · Cited by 2
Disrupting Symmetry: Jean-Luc Nancy and Luce Irigaray on Myth and the Violence of Representation
Biro, S. L. (2019) · Eidos A Journal for Philosophy of Culture · doi:10.14394/eidos.jpc.2019.0018 · Cited by 2

Authors: GIRARD, R.
Corresponding author: GIRARD, RENÉ
Venue: On Violence
Publisher: Duke University Press
Published: 2007-12-06
Pages: 334-350
DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv120qr2d.27
OpenAlex: W1985306786
Cited by: 2,049
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 103 · 2019: 160 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 101 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 51.69
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: green
www.gbv.de
Locations: Duke University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Violence, Religion, and Philosophy
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › General Arts and Humanities › Cultural and Mythological Studies
Keywords: René Girard, violence, sacred, human evil, scapegoat theory, biblical narrative, Greek tragedy, lynching, pogroms, myth, religion and violence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Violence and the Sacred

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks