The DOI matches its Crossref record.
A Theory of System Justification
Abstract
Psychologist John Jost has spent decades researching poor people who vote for policies of inequality and women who think men deserve higher salaries. He argues that the persecuted often justify and defend the very social systems that oppress them because doing so serves a fundamental need for certainty, security, and social acceptance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One characteristic that can contribute to such behaviors is system justification.”
From How to study democratic backsliding (2024) · cites this paper as Jost, 2020
In the citing paper
“Those with high social-justification tendencies often rationalize an undemocratic erosion of the extant system.”
From How to study democratic backsliding (2024) · cites this paper as Jost, 2020
In the citing paper
“People defend the status quo even if it is unjust and exploitative due to a need for certainty, security, and social acceptance.”
From How to study democratic backsliding (2024) · cites this paper as Jost, 2020
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 308
How objectifiers are granted power in the workplace
Zhang, B., Wisse, B. M., & Lord, R. G. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2930 · Cited by 10
Examining Changes in Abortion Attitudes Following the Transition to Parenthood
Clarke, E. V., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01408-3 · Cited by 9
Lilly, K. J., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302231185267 · Cited by 10
Mason, K. A., Vlasceanu, M., & Jost, J. T. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2405973121 · Cited by 14
Self-citationMayer, S. J., Goerres, A., Spies, D. C., Garcia, M. D., & Elis, J. (2024) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2024.102773 · Cited by 10
Cognitive Inertia and Status Quo Bias: Understanding Resistance to Change from Mind to Society
Kuzmanov, I. (2025) · JOURNAL OF NOVEL RESEARCH AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT · doi:10.56975/jnrid.v3i4.701293 · Cited by 11
Psychological processes underlying normative transformation and social change
González, R., Carvacho, H., & Tausch, N. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00448-8 · Cited by 9
Kusano, K., Napier, J. L., & Jost, J. T. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251341402 · Cited by 21
Self-citationMastari, L. N., Spruyt, B., & Siongers, J. (2022) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2021.2022110 · Cited by 10
Nakagoshi, M., & Inamasu, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.909022 · Cited by 10
Gulevich, O. A., Осин, Е. Н., & Chernov, D. N. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3067 · Cited by 8
Grand challenge: social psychology without hubris
Jost, J. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2023.1283272 · Cited by 8
Self-citationKusano, K., Napier, J. L., & Jost, J. T. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9qe2k · Cited by 7
Self-citationMorisi, D., Jost, J. T., Panagopoulos, C., & Valtonen, J. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211046830 · Cited by 7
Self-citationLow modesty linked to feeling deprived within advantaged (but not disadvantaged) groups
Lindström, J., Bergh, R., & Akrami, N. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104356 · Cited by 7
Rucker, J. M., Duker, A., & Richeson, J. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2024.1332527 · Cited by 48
Lima, B. P. B., de Souza, L. E. C., & Jost, J. T. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102532 · Cited by 7
Self-citationCausal attributions of poverty: a social stratification analysis
Marquis, L., Kuhn, U., & Tillmann, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2025.1591235 · Cited by 7
“I Thank God We're Rich”: Justifying Economic Inequality in an Evangelical Congregation
Vosburg, D. P. R. (2025) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.70001 · Cited by 7
Napier, J. L., van der Toorn, J., & Vial, A. C. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01384-8 · Cited by 8
Traldi, O. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003355274 · Cited by 7
Caricati, L., & Rossi, F. (2024) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2882 · Cited by 7
Gender System Justification, Gender Differences and Attitudes Towards Women’ Victimization
Mouafo, A. V. D., & Nzekaih, H. K. E. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.ss.20211002.14 · Cited by 7
Legha, R. K., & Martinek, N. (2023) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680231155132 · Cited by 7
Expectations about system justification predict the ideological gap in attitudes towards immigrants
Liaquat, U., & Jost, J. T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-38347-8 · Cited by 8
Self-citationOn the nature of acquiescence to police authority: A commentary on Hamm et al. (2022)
Jackson, J., & Bradford, B. (2022) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12217 · Cited by 8
Lilly, K. J., González, R., Houkamau, C. A., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2025) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3148 · Cited by 6
A functional approach to the psychology of inequality
Kraus, M. W., Sanji, D. J., Burns, M. E., Frost, A. D. S., Cha-Ju, I., Vinluan, A. C., Hollie, L., & Dupree, C. H. (2025) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-025-00483-5 · Cited by 9
Assante, G., Popa, N., & Grădinariu, T. (2022) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs12100376 · Cited by 7
Adolescents thinking on economic inequality: Expanding the discussion beyond the Global North
Barreiro, A., & Wainryb, C. (2023) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2023.101045 · Cited by 6
Active rejection or passive indifference? Mixed-methods evidence on national (dis)identification
Gligorić, V., & Obradović, S. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241229981 · Cited by 6
Liaquat, U., Balcetis, E., & Jost, J. T. (2025) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70065 · Cited by 5
Self-citationDo Real and Invented Scandals Fuel Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories?
Wagner‐Egger, P., Fernandes, D. D. O., Carrel, J., & Delouvée, S. (2023) · European Journal of Psychology Open · doi:10.1024/2673-8627/a000034 · Cited by 5
Hiltner, S., & Cech, E. A. (2024) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soae075 · Cited by 5
Beyond the neoliberal straitjacket: the Degrowth Pedagogy Framework (DPF) for business schools
Liuzzo, C. (2025) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2025.101178 · Cited by 8
Öngel, G., & Tabancalı, E. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies · doi:10.5897/ijeaps2022.0732 · Cited by 5
Group-Based Hierarchies of Power and Status
Craig, M. A., & Phillips, L. T. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197541302.013.22 · Cited by 5
Hadarics, M. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3011 · Cited by 5
Intergenerational educational mobility and anti-system support: the journey matters
McNeil, A. (2024) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwae029 · Cited by 5
Aranguren, M. (2024) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.13156 · Cited by 5
Can Deep Canvassing Promote Anti‐Carceral Attitudes? A Field Experiment
Brock‐Petroshius, K., & Gilens, M. (2025) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.70012 · Cited by 5
The Influence of the Disadvantaged Mindset on System-Justifying Beliefs
Yang, L., Tang, S., & Li, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787417 · Cited by 5
Vicuña, B. V., Cass, H., Chua, Y. X., Tsoi, S. Y. C., & Pérez, E. O. (2022) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2022.2137052 · Cited by 6
Jedinger, A., & Kaminski, S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04483-7 · Cited by 5
Does Mindfulness Support the Status Quo? The Role of Neoliberal Orientation and Emotion Regulation
Chachignon, P., Suchier, J., Dany, L., & Barbenchon, E. L. (2025) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.70007 · Cited by 5
Choi, S. Y., Zhang, R. J., Valdes, E. A., Xie, T., Lee, I., Leung, A. K. ‐., Lee, M., Lin, M., Hodgetts, D., Chen, S. X., et al. (2025) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.70060 · Cited by 6
Women’s Experiences of Sexual Harassment and Reductions in Well-Being and System Justification
Howard, C., Overall, N. C., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. G. (2024) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-024-01490-1 · Cited by 5
Participatory Censorship in Authoritarian Regimes
Yang, T. Z. (2022) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140241302762 · Cited by 8
Black and Blue: how democratic attitudes shape affect toward Blue or Black Lives Matter
Vitriol, J. A., Sandor, J., & Farhart, C. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2024.1417995 · Cited by 4
Ideology vs. Collective Action
Kogelmann, B. (2025) · Erkenntnis · doi:10.1007/s10670-025-00937-5 · Cited by 4
Backlash among the dominant: Assessing support for elitism in four European countries
Spruyt, B., Caluwaerts, D., Darnon, C., Easterbrook, M. J., Kavadias, L., Kesberg, R., Kuppens, T., Manstead, A. S. R., Smets, L., & van Noord, J. (2025) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70010 · Cited by 4
Hadarics, M., & Krekó, P. (2025) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.70016 · Cited by 5
Political Psychology in the Global South
Pichardo, E. J. R., Salfate, S. V., & Jost, J. T. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.041 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBrexit and Trump: Which Theory of Social Stasis and Social Change Copes Best With the New Populism?
Owuamalam, C. K., Rubin, M., & Spears, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.797139 · Cited by 5
Card, K. G., & Hepburn, K. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.902374 · Cited by 4
Moral Injury as a Social Phenomenon: Looking at the Unique Relationship with System Justification
Harwood‐Gross, A., Vayngrib, M., & Halperin, E. (2023) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2023.2189044 · Cited by 8
Intergenerational Respect, Support for the Societal System, and Morale
Cheung, C., Anderson, K. A., & Liao, W. (2023) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-023-03215-5 · Cited by 4
Looking Through the lens of system justification
Valdes, E. A. (2021) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2021.1872459 · Cited by 4
Lilly, K. J., Dawtry, R. J., Sutton, R. M., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2024) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506241265410 · Cited by 3
What's Gov Got to Do with it?: Pandemic Crisis Communication in a Polarized Environment
Wang, D., & Kogan, M. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3711102 · Cited by 4
Authoritarian indoctrination in Putin’s Russia: evidence from higher education staff
Makarchev, N., Tao, X., Shliakov, L., Xiao, C., Pedron, S. M., Yao, B., Dang, T. C., Le, D. A., & Park, A. S. (2025) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2025.2515505 · Cited by 3
Habersack, F., Heinisch, R., Jansesberger, V., & Mühlböck, A. (2021) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217211052758 · Cited by 3
Kitsnik, J. (2023) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-bja10092 · Cited by 3
Morris, K., & Lampropoulos, D. (2024) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103215 · Cited by 3
Foschi, R. (2024) · World Futures · doi:10.1080/02604027.2024.2330258 · Cited by 3
An ecology of meaning: An integrative framework for understanding human motivations
Heine, S. J., Folk, D. P., Guan, K., Benjamin, R., Bahng, J. M., & Proulx, T. (2024) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2024.03.004 · Cited by 3
Positive temporal comparison facilitates a hope-induced system justification amongst women
Caricati, L., Owuamalam, C. K., Bonetti, C., Moscato, G., & Monacelli, N. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06077-3 · Cited by 3
Pichardo, E. J. R., Parihar, S. A., & Jost, J. T. (2024) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12412 · Cited by 3
Self-citationTemporal comparisons shape system justification processes
Ferrés, E. A. G., Berkel, L. D. V., Baldwin, M. W., & Lammers, J. (2024) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.13030 · Cited by 4
Brockner, J., Chen, Y.-R., & Zhu, G. (2024) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2024.100208 · Cited by 3
Zhou, J., & Toikko, T. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07844-6 · Cited by 3
Craig, M. A., & Pietri, E. S. (2025) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70063 · Cited by 3
Macro-Economic Inequality and National Stereotypes in 45 Non-Western Countries
Gligorić, V., Jost, J. T., Mićanović, I., Tase, O., Bú, E. A. D., Arévalo-Romero, C. A., Balabanova, A., Baracaldo, P., Basáñez, T., Çakmak, H., et al. (2025) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506251370424 · Cited by 3
Self-citationThe perceived quality, fairness of and corruption in education in Europe
Spruyt, B., Droogenbroeck, F. V., & Kavadias, L. (2022) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054985.2022.2136152 · Cited by 9
Zmigrod, L. (2024) · Journal of Philosophy of Emotion · doi:10.33497/2024.summer.8 · Cited by 3
The Ambivalence of Far-Right Women: Hate, Trauma, Gender, and Neoliberalism in Contemporary Japan
Yoshida, Y. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241260010 · Cited by 3
Aversive Racism and Implicit Bias
Dovidio, J. F., Pearson, A. R., Schellhaas, F. M. H., Gaertner, S. L., & Penner, L. A. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108885492.008 · Cited by 3
Liaquat, U., Heilman, M. E., Godsil, R. D., & Balcetis, E. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104709 · Cited by 4
Caricati, L., Owuamalam, C. K., Bonetti, C., Rubin, M., & Spears, R. (2025) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.70005 · Cited by 3
An existential view of biography and history: Synchronic and diachronic narratives
Sullivan, D., & Schmitt, H. J. (2021) · History & Philosophy of Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpshpp.2021.22.1.31 · Cited by 2
The January 6th Insurrection and the Triggering of African Americans’ Racial Resentment
Davis, D. W., & Wilson, D. C. (2025) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2025.14 · Cited by 2
50 Years of ‘Social Psychology as History’: Contemporary Trends in Social Psychology
Bansal, P. (2025) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-025-00829-2 · Cited by 2
Perceived threats, trust in authorities, and well-being: The role of responsibility attribution
Gulevich, O. A., Gnezdilov, A. N., & Осин, Е. Н. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113335 · Cited by 2
Peng, L., Tian, M., & Li, W. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105428 · Cited by 7
Polarized trust and vaccine uptake
Rudolph, T. J. (2025) · Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties · doi:10.1080/17457289.2025.2551060 · Cited by 2
Colonial Relationality: A Typology of Mythical Selves
Sullivan, D., & Goad, A. N. (2025) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-025-00850-5 · Cited by 2
Poppi, F. I. M. (2025) · Social Semiotics · doi:10.1080/10350330.2025.2604726 · Cited by 2
ALTOP, E., & Solak, N. (2021) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.743651 · Cited by 2
Theories and approaches of social psychology
Mehrad, A., Sternberg, M., Buyandalai, E., Pius, A., Stanich, E., Olson, E., Shaalan, H., Triscik, M., Bultema, A., Fritsch, C., et al. (2024) · International Review of Social Sciences Research · doi:10.53378/353066 · Cited by 2
Explaining Injustice: Causation through a Remedial Lens
Erck, S. (2024) · Journal of Applied Philosophy · doi:10.1111/japp.12753 · Cited by 2
Valdes, E. A., Santos, J. J. I. D., & Liu, J. H.-F. (2025) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.70024 · Cited by 3
The Effects of Forced Versus Selective Exposure to Propaganda in China
Shen, X. (2022) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2025.10040 · Cited by 2
Lost in the Supermarket? A Commentary on Gries, Müller, and Jost
Osborne, D., Satherley, N., & Sibley, C. G. (2022) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2022.2065132 · Cited by 2
Human Rights Violation in India’s Hijab Ban and the Need for Community Advocacy
Gunawan, Y., Mulloh, A. F. I., Syamsu, A. P., & Genovés, M. B. (2024) · Yuridika · doi:10.20473/ydk.v39i2.49422 · Cited by 2
Race Talk to Change Carceral Attitudes: A Field Experiment on Deep Canvass Organizing
Brock‐Petroshius, K. (2024) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/732823 · Cited by 5
Baltiansky, D., Craig, M. A., & Jost, J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7acbq · Cited by 2
Self-citationCropley, I., & Jost, J. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2024.1344499 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMcKenzie, R. M., McCarty, K., & Huang, M. (2025) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103928 · Cited by 1
Lima, B. P. B., de Souza, L. E. C., & de Lima, T. J. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2025.1496949 · Cited by 4
Roessger, K. M., & Greenleaf, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1556464 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- JOST, J. T.
- Corresponding author
- JOST, JOHN T.
- ORCID
- JOST, JOHN T.
- Venue
- Harvard University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Harvard University Press
- Published
- 2020-07-14
- OpenAlex
- W3038554755
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 40.05
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Harvard University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- system justification theory, social inequality, oppression, certainty, social acceptance, political attitudes, gender pay gap
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review