Trends in high-risk HLA susceptibility genes among Colorado youth with type 1 diabetes

Abstract

OBJECTIVE—Type 1 diabetes is associated with a wide spectrum of susceptibility and protective genotypes within the HLA class II system. It has been reported that adults diagnosed with youth-onset type 1 diabetes more recently have been found to have fewer classical high-risk HLA class II genotypes than those diagnosed several decades ago. We hypothesized that such temporal trends in the distribution of HLA-DR, DQ genotypes would be evident, and perhaps even stronger, among 5- to 17-year-old Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) youth diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in Colorado between 1978 and 2004. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—HLA-DR, DQ was typed using PCR and sequence-specific oligonucleotide hybridization in 100 youth diagnosed during the period of 1978–1988 and 264 diagnosed during 2002–2004. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders and assess temporal trends. RESULTS—The frequency of the highest-risk genotype (DRB1*03-DQB1*02/DRB1*04-DQB1*03) was higher (39%) in children diagnosed during the period 1978–1988 than in those diagnosed during 2002–2004 (28%). A similar pattern was observed in NHWs and Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS—We found that high-risk HLA genotypes are becoming less frequent over time in youth with type 1 diabetes of NHW and Hispanic origin. This temporal trend may suggest that increasing environmental exposure is now able to trigger type 1 diabetes in subjects who are less genetically susceptible.