3. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020
Open accessAbstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) “Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes” includes the ADA’s current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-SPPC), are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA’s clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-SINT). Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
National clinical recommendations identify metformin therapy as an effective preventive intervention.
“Although national clinical recommendations identify metformin therapy as an effective preventive intervention, 13,14”
From Metformin Prescription Rates for Patients with Prediabetes (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
Metformin has been shown comparably effective to lifestyle modification for women with a history of gestational diabetes.
“Clinical recommendations highlight metformin use for 3 higher risk groups: individuals with BMI ≥ 35kg/m 2 , those aged < 60years, and women with a history of gestational diabetes where it has been shown comparably effective to lifestyle modi fi cation. 14”
From Metformin Prescription Rates for Patients with Prediabetes (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
Clinical recommendations highlight metformin use for three higher risk groups: individuals with BMI ≥35 kg/m2, those aged <60 years, and women with a history of gestational diabetes.
“Clinical recommendations highlight metformin use for 3 higher risk groups: individuals with BMI ≥ 35kg/m 2 , those aged < 60years, and women with a history of gestational diabetes where it has been shown comparably effective to lifestyle modi fi cation. 14”
From Metformin Prescription Rates for Patients with Prediabetes (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 61 · Cited by 162
Research works printed but not linked: 42
- Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. Cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and diabetes in- cidence after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance in the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 23-year follow-up study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2:474- 480
- Nathan DM, Bennett PH, Crandall JP, et al.; DPP Research Group. Does diabetes prevention translate into reduced long-term vascular com- plications of diabetes? Diabetologia 2019;62: 1319-1328
- Gong Q, Zhang P, Wang J, et al.; Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Morbidity and mortality after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance: 30-year results of the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;7:452- 461
- Nathan DM, Barrett-Connor E, Crandall JP, et al.; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term effects of lifestyle interven- tion or metformin on diabetes development and microvascular complications: the DPP Out- comes Study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:866-875
- Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL, et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2102- 2107
- Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvad ó J, et al.; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary pre- vention of cardiovascular disease with a Med- iterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med 2018;378:e34
- Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB. Pre- vention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet 2014;383:1999-2007
- Jacobs S, Harmon BE, Boushey CJ, et al. A priori-defined diet quality indexes and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Multiethnic Cohort. Diabe- tologia 2015;58:98-112
- Chiuve SE, Fung TT, Rimm EB, et al. Alter- native dietary indices both strongly predict risk of chronic disease. J Nutr 2012;142:1009- 1018
- Schwingshackl L, Bogensberger B, Hoffmann G. Diet quality as assessed by the Healthy Eating Index, Alternate Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score, and health outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018;118:74-100.e11
- Fedewa MV, Gist NH, Evans EM, Dishman RK. Exercise and insulin resistance in youth: a meta- analysis. Pediatrics 2014;133:e163-e174
- Davis CL, Pollock NK, Waller JL, et al. Exercise dose and diabetes risk in overweight and obese children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;308:1103-1112
- Thorp AA, Kingwell BA, Sethi P, Hammond L, Owen N, Dunstan DW. Alternating bouts of sitting and standing attenuate postprandial glucose re- sponses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014;46:2053-2061
- Russo LM, Nobles C, Ertel KA, Chasan-Taber L, Whitcomb BW. Physical activity interventions in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2015;125:576-582
- Yeh H-C, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Wang N-Y, Brancati FL. Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:10-17
- Oba S, Noda M, Waki K, et al.; Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. Smoking cessation increases short-term risk of type 2 diabetes irrespective of weight gain: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study [published correction appears in PLoS One 2013;8:10.1371/annotation/23aa7c42-9a4d- 42a7-8f50-9d0ac4b85396]. PLoS One 2012;7: e17061 · DOI
- Hu Y, Zong G, Liu G, et al. Smoking cessation, weight change, type 2 diabetes, and mortality. N Engl J Med 2018;379:623-632
- Grock S, Ku J-H, Kim J, Moin T. A review of technology-assisted interventions for diabetes prevention. Curr Diab Rep 2017;17:107
- Sepah SC, Jiang L, Peters AL. Long-term outcomes of a Web-based diabetes prevention program: 2-year results of a single-arm longitu- dinal study. J Med Internet Res 2015;17:e92
- Moin T, Damschroder LJ, AuYoung M, et al. Results from a trial of an online diabetes pre- vention program intervention. Am J Prev Med 2018;55:583-591
- Michaelides A, Major J, Pienkosz E Jr, Wood M, Kim Y, Toro-Ramos T. Usefulness of a novel mobile Diabetes Prevention Program delivery platform with human coaching: 65-week obser- vational follow-up. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6:e93
- Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The 10-year cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention or metformin for diabetes preven- tion: an intent-to-treat analysis of the DPP/ DPPOS [published correction appears in Diabetes Care 2013;36:4172-4175]. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:723-730
- Ackermann RT,Finch EA,Brizendine E, Zhou H, Marrero DG. Translating the Diabetes Preven- tion Program into the community. The DEPLOY pilot study. Am J Prev Med 2008;35:357-363
- Balk EM, Earley A, Raman G, Avendano EA, Pittas AG, Remington PL. Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preven- tive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:437-451
- Li R, Qu S, Zhang P, et al. Economic evaluation of combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2015;163:452-460
- Gilmer T, O'Connor PJ, Schiff JS, et al. Cost- effectiveness of a community-based Diabetes Prevention Program with participation incen- tives for Medicaid beneficiaries. Health Serv Res 2018;53:4704-4724
- The Community Guide. Diabetes prevention: interventions engaging community health workers, 2016. Accessed 31 October 2019. Avail- able from https://www.thecommunityguide.org/ findings/diabetes-prevention-interventions- engaging-community-health-workers 44. Jacob V, Chattopadhyay SK, Hopkins DP, et al. Economics of community health workers for chronic disease: findings from Community Guide systematic reviews. Am J Prev Med 2019; 56:e95-e106
- Ely EK, Gruss SM, Luman ET, et al. A national effort to prevent type 2 diabetes: participant- level evaluation of CDC's National Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care 2017;40: 1331-1341
- Lanza A, Soler R, Smith B, Hoerger T, Neuwahl S, Zhang P. The Diabetes Prevention Impact Tool Kit: an online tool kit to assess the cost-effectiveness of preventing type 2 diabetes. J Public Health Manag Pract 2019;25:E1-E5 47. Chiasson J-L, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M; STOP-NIDDM Trail Research Group. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 di- abetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:2072-2077
- Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, Sjöström L. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care 2004;27:155-161
- le Roux CW, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al.; SCALE Obesity Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2017; 389:1399-1409
- Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, et al.; DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators. Ef- fect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;368:1096-1105
- Garvey WT, Ryan DH, Henry R, et al. Pre- vention of type 2 diabetes in subjects with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome treated with phentermine and topiramate extended re- lease. Diabetes Care 2014;37:912-921
- Moin T, Schmittdiel JA, Flory JH, et al. Review of metformin use for type 2 diabetes prevention. Am J Prev Med 2018;55:565-574
- Ratner RE, Christophi CA, Metzger BE, et al.; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:4774-4779
- Aroda VR, Christophi CA, Edelstein SL, et al.; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The effect of lifestyle intervention and metfor- min on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:1646-1653
- Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, Mukesh B, Bhaskar AD, Vijay V; Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). The Indian Di- abetes Prevention Programme shows that life- style modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia 2006; 49:289-297
- Ali MK, Bullard KM, Saydah S, Imperatore G, Gregg EW. Cardiovascular and renal burdens of prediabetes in the USA: analysis of data from serial cross-sectional surveys, 1988-2014. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018;6:392-403
- Pan Y, Chen W, Wang Y. Prediabetes and outcome of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019;28:683-692
- Huang Y, Cai X, Mai W, Li M, Hu Y. Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: systematic re- view and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016;355:i5953
- Bress AP, King JB, Kreider KE, et al.; SPRINT Research Group. Effect of intensive versus stan- dard blood pressure treatment according to baseline prediabetes status: a post hoc analysis of a randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2017;40: 1401-1408
- Butcher MK, Vanderwood KK, Hall TO, Gohdes D, Helgerson SD, Harwell TS. Capacity of diabetes education programs to provide both diabetes self-management education and to implement diabetes prevention services. J Public Health Manag Pract 2011;17:242-247
- Authors
- American Diabetes Association
- Corresponding author
- American Diabetes Association
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2019-12-16
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- Supplement_1
- Pages
- S32-S36
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W4213306744
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 30
- FWCI
- 21.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes prevention, prediabetes, clinical guidelines, diabetes care standards, quality of care
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endocrinology, Humans, Prediabetic State, Primary Prevention, Reference Standards, Societies, Medical, United States, Disease Progression, History, 21st Century, Standard of Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
