Intermittent Hypoglycemia Impairs Glucose Counterregulation

Abstract

IDDM patients who maintain strict glycemic control have impaired counterregulatory hormone and symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia. To test the hypothesis that intermittent exposure to hypoglycemia plays an etiological role in these defective responses, we produced 4 consecutive daily episodes of hypoglycemia in 10 healthy, nondiabetic volunteers by using the insulin clamp technique. Fasting (5.3 ± 0.1 vs. 5.4 ± 0.1 mM) and nadir (2.3 ± 0.1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.1 mM) glucose levels achieved during insulin infusion did not differ on study days 1 and 4. In contrast, the glucose levels required to stimulate an increase in EPI (2.8 vs. 3.1 mM), glucagon (2.8 vs. 3.2 mM), cortisol (2.4 vs. 2.9 mM), GH (2.6 vs. 3.0 mM), and autonomic hypoglycemic symptoms (2.2 vs. 2.5 mM) were all significantly lower on study day 4 versus study day 1 (P < 0.005–0.05). Basal levels of EPI and cortisol, but not glucagon, GH, or NE also were reduced on the final study day. We conclude that intermittent hypoglycemia can result in attenuation of the hormonal and symptomatic responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and may contribute to the defective counterregulatory responses in patients with well-controlled IDDM.