The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Hyperinsulinemia and Macrosomia in the Fetus of the Diabetic Mother
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine 1) whether macrosomia in the fetus of the diabetic mother is related to fetal hyperinsulinemia and 2) whether hyperinsulinemia and macrosomia are related to maternal metabolic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Normal pregnant women (n = 95) were compared with insulin-treated pregnant women (n = 155), who were subdivided according to White's class, hypertension, and mode of delivery. All women were treated to achieve optimal metabolic control. HbA1c was determined at each visit. At delivery, umbilical plasma was analyzed for glucose, insulin antibodies, total insulin, free insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin components, and total and individual amino acids. RESULTS: Macrosomia, defined as > 2 standard deviation units (97.75%), was found in 10-27% of the diabetic groups. It was not related to maternal mass or size, but was significantly correlated with umbilical total insulin, free insulin, and C-peptide. Proinsulin components were not different among groups. Amino acids also were not different. Glycosylated hemoglobin was a weak predictor of birth weight and fetal hyperinsulinism. CONCLUSIONS: Macrosomia in the fetus of the diabetic mother remains inadequately explained. In a large population of pregnant women with strict metabolic control, macrosomia was mainly independent of glycosylated hemoglobin. Nevertheless, fetal hyperinsulinism remains the driving force for excessive fetal growth. The stimulus for fetal insulin excess in humans remains to be defined.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Consequences of GDM include increased risk of maternal cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and macrosomia and birth complications in the infant.”
From The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2018) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“suggesting macrosomia, a common outcome of newborns born to diabetic mothers47.”
From Self-assembling human heart organoids for the modeling of cardiac development and congenital heart disease (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Plows, J. F., Stanley, J. L., Baker, P. N., Reynolds, C. M., & Vickers, M. H. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19113342 · Cited by 1,874
“Together, these can cause fetal overgrowth, often resulting in macrosomia at birth [61].”
BackgroundLewis-Israeli, Y. R., Wasserman, A. H., Gabalski, M. A., Volmert, B. D., Ming, Y., Ball, K. A., Yang, W., Zou, J., Ni, G., Pajares, N., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25329-5 · Cited by 536
Effects of diabetic pregnancy on the fetus and newborn
Schwartz, R., & Teramo, K. (2000) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/sp.2000.6363 · Cited by 456
Self-citationIs it time to revisit the Pedersen hypothesis in the face of the obesity epidemic?
Catalano, P. M., & Mouzon, S. H. (2011) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2010.11.039 · Cited by 341
Lipid Metabolism During Pregnancy and its Implications for Fetal Growth
Herrera, E., & Ortega, H. (2014) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1389201015666140330192345 · Cited by 277
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwartz, R., Gruppuso, P. A., Petzold, K., Brambilla, D., Hiilesmaa, V., & Teramo, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1994-07-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 640-648
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2061129895
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 11343)
- Eurostars
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- macrosomia, fetal hyperinsulinemia, maternal diabetes, HbA1c, C-peptide, proinsulin, amino acids, birth weight, fetal growth
- MeSH terms
- Birth Weight, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Fetal Macrosomia, Gestational Age, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperinsulinism, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Diabetics, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Body Mass Index, Diabetes, Gestational
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
