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NIDDM and Blood Pressure as Risk Factors for Poor Cognitive Performance: The Framingham Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine if NIDDM and blood pressure are risk factors for poor cognitive performance and if history and duration of NIDDM and blood pressure interact such that the risk of poor performance is greater for subjects with both NIDDM and hypertension. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used a large prospective cohort sample with 187 NIDDM subjects and 1,624 nondiabetic subjects who were followed for 28–30 years. Cognitive function was assessed using eight tests of learning, memory, visual organization, verbal fluency attention, concept formation, and abstract reasoning. A composite score was also calculated. Odds ratios were used to estimate the relative risk of performing below the lower 25th percentile of z scores on these tests. RESULTS: NIDDM and blood pressure interacted such that diagnosis and duration of NIDDM were associated with greater risk of poor performance on tests of visual memory and on the composite score for hypertensive subjects. Duration of NIDDM was associated with increased risk for poor performance on tests of verbal memory and concept formation. Insulin-treated NIDDM subjects were at higher risk for poor cognitive performance than those NIDDM subjects treated with oral agents or diet. Blood pressure level was associated independently with a measure of verbal fluency. CONCLUSIONS: History and duration of NIDDM and high blood pressure are significant risk factors for poor cognitive performance. Hypertensive people with NIDDM are at greatest risk for poor performance on tests measuring visual organization and memory.
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“In the Framingham Study, 2,123 subjects aged 55 to 88 completed a neuropsychological test battery during either the 14th or 15th biennial examination. People with diabetes status were more likely to achieve scores below the 25th percentile on most tests than were non-diabetic individuals.”
From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“They are also supported by the large Framingham study [71] and the Adult Health Study [72].”
From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [71]
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“The present study has extended earlier evidence of cross-sectional associations of hypertension [24, 25] and poorer glycaemic control [26, 27] with reduced cognitive function in type 2 diabetes by demonstrating prospective associations with accelerated late-life cognitive decline.”
ResultLamar, M., Price, C. C., Giovannetti, T., Swenson, R., & Libon, D. J. (2010) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2010/505979 · Cited by 38
McFall, G. P., Geall, B. P., Fischer, A. L., Dolcos, S. M., & Dixon, R. A. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0019246 · Cited by 32
Diabetes mellitus and cognitive performance in older women
Crooks, V. C., Buckwalter, J. G., & Petitti, D. B. (2003) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00059-0 · Cited by 28
Wang, F., Zhao, M., Han, Z., Li, D., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Kong, X., Zhang, Q., & Lei, P. (2017) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.242.121 · Cited by 29
“First, vascular dysfunction (e.g., atherosclerosis) was a major pathogenic factor for dementia and MCI (Elias et al. 1997).”
BackgroundKorf, E. S. C., Scheltens, P., Barkhof, F., & de Leeuw, F. (2005) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000088464 · Cited by 29
“In order to investigate whether WML are intermediate in the relation between BP and MTA, we stratified on the presence or absence of WML. We also performed age-stratified analyses since there is ample evidence that the presentation of symptoms and the MRI characteristics differ between a presenile and a senile onset o…”
MethodCognitive decrement in older adults with symptomatic peripheral artery disease
Gardner, A. W., Montgomery, P. S., Wang, M., Shen, B., Casanegra, A. I., Silva-Palacios, F., Ungvari, Z. I., Yabluchanskiy, A., Csiszár, A., & Waldstein, S. R. (2021) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-021-00437-8 · Cited by 29
Yanagawa, M., Umegaki, H., Uno, T., Khookhor, O., Kawano, N., Maeno, H., Yamanouchi, K., & Sato, Y. (2011) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00691.x · Cited by 29
Lee, K. S., Jang, Y., Chung, Y. K., Chung, J. H., Oh, B. H., & Hong, C. H. (2009) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.01.014 · Cited by 27
“, 2005), diabetes (Elias et al., 1997; Stewart and Liolitsa, 1999), dyslipidemia (Isbir et al.”
Ryuno, H., Kamide, K., Gondo, Y., Kabayama, M., Oguro, R., Nakama, C., Yokoyama, S., Nagasawa, M., Maeda, S., Imaizumi, Y., et al. (2017) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2017.15 · Cited by 27
Nutrition and Brain Function: A Multidisciplinary Virtual Symposium
Almeida, S. S., Duntas, L. H., Dye, L., Nunes, M. L., Prasad, C., da Rocha, J. B. T., Wainwright, P. E., Zaia, C. T. B. V., & Guedes, R. C. A. (2002) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415021000033776 · Cited by 27
“Louise Dye: Type II diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus—NIDDM) has a later onset and is often associated with obesity, as Dr Wainwright has pointed out and NIDDM also has effects on cognitive function (Elias et al., 1997; Strachan et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSynergistic effects of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and hypertension on spatial navigation
Deshmukh, A. R., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., et al. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.003 · Cited by 26
“Age-related increase in physiological vascular risk factors and the prevalence of overt vascular disease play an important role in modifying cognitive performance of middle-aged and older adults (Launer et al., 1995; Elias et al., 1997; Waldstein et al., 1996, 2008).”
Cognitive Functioning and Self-Management in Older People With Diabetes
Asimakopoulou, K. G., & Hampson, S. E. (2002) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/diaspect.15.2.116 · Cited by 26
Papenberg, G., Bäckman, L., Chicherio, C., Nagel, I. E., Heekeren, H. R., Lindenberger, U., & Li, S. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.013 · Cited by 27
“Accordingly, we hypothesize that, relative to individuals with lower withinperson variations, individuals with higher performance variability may forget more information, reflecting suboptimal DA neuromodulation.”
BackgroundDiabetes and the elderly brain: sweet memories?
Samaras, K., & Sachdev, P. S. (2012) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018812469645 · Cited by 28
“Diabetes and cognitive function Consistent with observational studies showing increased risk of cognitive impairment, longitudinal studies have also shown that type 2 diabetes is associated with cognitive decline in some [Christman et al. 2011; Elias et al. 1997; Espeland et al. 2011; Fischer et al. 2009; Gregg et al.…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFlos Puerariae Extract Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice
Liu, Z.-H., Chen, H., Wu, P., Yao, Q., Cheng, H., Yu, W., & Liu, C. (2015) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/873243 · Cited by 26
Wennberg, A. M. V., Gottesman, R. F., Kaufmann, C. N., Albert, M., Chen-Edinboro, L. P., Rebok, G. W., Kasper, J. D., & Spira, A. P. (2014) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610214001380 · Cited by 24
van den Berg, E., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Kessels, R. P. C., Kappelle, L. J., de Haan, E. H. F., Heine, R. J., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Biessels, G. J. (2009) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1009 · Cited by 24
Diabetes, Insulin and Alzheimer's Disease
Craft, S., & Christen, Y. (2010) · Research and perspectives in Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04300-0 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Elias, P. K., Elias, M. F., D'Agostino, R. B., Cupples, L. A., Wilson, P. W., Silbershatz, H., & Wolf, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- University of Maine (US)
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Consulting Unit, Boston University Boston, Massachusetts
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1997-09-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1388-1395
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2057702509
- Cited by
- 368
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 5.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (5-R37-AG03055-14, R37AG003055, 2-R01-AG08122-07, R01-AG0646-02, R01AG008122)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, hypertension, blood pressure, cognitive performance, cognitive decline, risk factors, diabetes duration, insulin therapy, oral antidiabetic drugs, visual memory, verbal memory, verbal fluency, Framingham Heart Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Pressure, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio
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