Diabetes-related emotional distress in Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients: cross-cultural validity of the problem areas in diabetes scale
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the cross-cultural validity of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) in Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1,472 Dutch people with diabetes completed the PAID along with other self-report measures of affect. Statistics covered Cronbach's alpha, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Pearson's product-moment correlation, and t tests. Psychometric properties of PAID were compared for Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients. RESULTS: Internal consistency of the Dutch PAID was high and stable across sex and type of diabetes. Test-retest reliability was high. Principal component analyses confirmed 1 general 20-item factor, whereas EFA identified 4 new subdimensions: negative emotions, treatment problems, food-related problems, and lack of social support. These dimensions were confirmed with CFA and were replicated in the U.S. sample. The PAID and its subscales demonstrated moderate to high associations in the expected direction with other measures of affect. Dutch and U.S. subjects reported having the same problem areas, with U.S. patients reporting higher emotional distress levels both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The Dutch and U.S. 20-item PAID appeared to be psychometrically equivalent, which allowed for cross-cultural comparisons.
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PAID scores have positive associations with HbA1c and are major predictors of poor adherence to treatment not involving general emotional distress.
“PAID scores have been found to show positive associations with HbA1c, and are major predictors of poor adherence to treatment not involving general emotional distress.”
PAID is a brief self-report measure of diabetes-related distress that has been found useful in patients with diabetes (both type 1 and type 2).
“PAID [25] is a brief self-report measure of diabetes-related distress that has been found to be useful in patients with diabetes (both type 1 and type 2).”
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References 4 · Cited by 444
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Spielberger CD: Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI-Form Y. Palo Alto, CA, Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983
- Authors
- Snoek, F. J., Pouwer, F., Welch, G. W., & Polonsky, W. H.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2000-09-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1305-1309
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2096571527
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- Problem Areas in Diabetes scale, cross-cultural validity, psychometric properties, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, negative emotions, treatment challenges, social support, Dutch patients, factor structure
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, United States, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Reproducibility of Results
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