The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Rooftop Garden and Lighting Automation by the Internet of Things (IoT)
Open accessAbstract
The project used IoT to monitor embedded devices and take appropriate action by passing instructions regulating objects through a web server interface.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper presents a prototype IoT system for automating a rooftop garden’s watering and lighting using an Arduino Nano, soil moisture sensor, LDR, relay, water pump, and HC-05 Bluetooth module. It reports threshold-based watering and night lighting control plus a component cost estimate, but no quantitative performance evaluation or field trial.
Key findings
- The prototype links moisture and light sensors to an Arduino Nano; when the soil moisture reading is at or below 700, the moisture level is treated as acceptable, while a reading at or above 900 triggers automatic pump operation.
- An LDR detects day/night conditions and switches the garden lights on at night; Bluetooth via HC-05 allows a mobile device to manually start the pump and turn lights on or off.
- The estimated device cost is 2,241 BDT, or 26.36 USD, with listed component prices including Arduino Nano at 280 BDT, LDR at 200 BDT, moisture sensor at 120 BDT, water pump at 300 BDT, relay at 250 BDT, and HC-05 at 250 BDT.
- Hardware specifications reported include a water pump maximum flow rate of 120 L/h and average current draw of 220 mA, and an HC-05 Bluetooth module operating at 2.4 GHz with 3 Mbps modulation and dimensions of 12.7 × 27 mm.
Methods
- The work is a design-and-fabrication prototype: an Arduino Nano with ATmega328P microcontroller reads a soil moisture sensor and an LDR, then controls a relay-driven water pump and lighting, with HC-05 Bluetooth for mobile manual control.
- Development used Proteus for schematic capture, microcontroller simulation, PCB design, and 3D verification, and the Arduino IDE for programming.
- The main analysis is threshold-based control logic and a cost estimation table; no experimental dataset, sample size, field deployment, or statistical analysis is reported.
Limitations
- The paper does not state limitations in a dedicated section.
- Evident from the text: the results are limited to prototype description and threshold values, with no quantitative performance testing, water savings measurement, reliability data, or comparison against other systems.
- Evident from the text: Bluetooth range, connectivity robustness, and long-term operation are not evaluated, and the system is not tested in an actual rooftop garden trial.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
8 No basis given
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We created a system that uses Arduino-controlled sensor to autonomously sprinkle an exact amount of water based on soil humidity, sunshine intensity, and water location.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Soil moisture is a significant element that can influence the amount of water required.
- Rests on an assumption: For smooth growth, each type of plant requires a distinct level of soil humidity.
- Rests on an assumption: A tree requires a certain quantity of sunlight.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
- It may state two separate claims as one. 4
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the number is less than or equal to 700, the Moisture Sensor will detect the water level in the soil, indicating that the water level is in a desirable position”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The soil's electrical resistance decreases as water content increases, and dry soil has higher resistance.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“if the value is more than or equal to 900, the Moisture Sensor will begin automatically delivering water.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The soil's electrical resistance decreases as water content increases, and dry soil has higher resistance.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The LDR sensor can also tell whether it's day or night using the information it gathers.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: An LDR's resistance drops when light levels fall below a certain threshold.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the night, the LDR is open, and the lights are on.”
- Also stated in: § VI. RESULTS · plain
“when night falls, the LDR sensor will turn on the lights in the building.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: An LDR's resistance drops when light levels fall below a certain threshold.
- Also stated in: § VI. RESULTS · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This enables anybody to manually start the water pump and switch on or off the lights.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the water level falls below a specific threshold, we design our Water Pump to manually communicate with the pump through Bluetooth and Arduino, causing the pump to start producing water.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were able to effectively build the central notion of the synchronization technique and connect it to a mobile device through Bluetooth.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Many people lose interest in gardening because it requires a lot of labor to maintain seedlings healthy.
“Many people lose interest in gardening since it requires a lot of labor to maintain the seedlings healthy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Soil moisture is a significant element that can influence the amount of water required.
“As a result, soil moisture is a significant element that can influence the amount of water required.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For smooth growth, each type of plant requires a distinct level of soil humidity.
“For smooth growth, each type of industry requires a distinct level of soil humidity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A tree requires a certain quantity of sunlight.
“Furthermore, a tree requires a certain quantity of sunlight.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Watering at the incorrect moment may cause more harm than benefit.
“So, watering at the incorrect moment may cause more harm than benefit.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The soil's electrical resistance decreases as water content increases, and dry soil has higher resistance.
“The soil's energy behavior improves fast (with much reduced resistance) when there is more water in the soil, but dry soil transfers energy poorly (more excellent resistance).”
The paper relies on this without support.
An LDR's resistance drops when light levels fall below a certain threshold.
“As soon as light levels fall below a certain threshold, the resistance drops to a few thousandth of a milliohm, depending on the model.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ III. BACKGROUND
“To monitor irrigation operations, the model in [4] incorporates soil moisture, temperature, and pressure sensors.”
§ References
“4. E. Ferro and F. Potorti, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: a survey and a comparison, Wireless Communications, IEEE, February 2005;12(1):12-26.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ IV. THEORY OF THE PROJECT
“The Arduino Nano could be a face mount bread board embedded interpreter with associate integrated USB port.”
§ D. Arduino Software
“At this point you'll want to access the Tools, Board menu and choose "Arduino Uno" (according to the microcontroller on your board).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ III. BACKGROUND
“The system in [1] is powered by Cortex-A8 and ZigBee.”
§ References
“1. GargiRajadhyaksha, SiddharthMody, SnehaVenkateswar, Portable Text to Speech Convertor, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering (IJETAE), August 2013;3(8).”
Citations
Cites
Bluetooth and wi-fi wireless protocols: a survey and a comparison
Ferro, E., & Potortì, F. (2005) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.2005.1404569 · Cited by 394
Portable Text to Speech Convertor
Rajadhyaksha, G., Mody, S., & Venkateswar, S. (2013) · Cited by 1
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [2]2. Smt.M.Baby, P.Harini, M.Sailaja, K.AnnieSumantha. SMS based Wireless E-Notice Board, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering (IJETAE), March 2013;3(3).
- [3]3. Jigyasa Mishra, ApoorvSrivastav, Rahul Jain, Arduino Based LCD Display, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering (IJETAE), June 2014; 3(5).
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Metadata
- Authors
- Miah, S., Raihan, S. M. R., Hasan Sagor, M. M., Hasan, M. M., Talukdar, D., Sajib, S., Alam Naim, M. R., Anisa, U., & Suaiba, U.
- Affiliations
- Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BD)
- Venue
- European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research
- Publisher
- European Open Science Publishing
- Published
- 2022-01-20
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-43
- ISSN
- 2506-8016 (ISSN-L)
- 2736-576X
- OpenAlex
- W4226034698
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2024: 18 · 2023: 6
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT-based Smart Home Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Arduino and IoT Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Smart Agriculture and AI
- Keywords
- Internet of Things, rooftop gardens, home automation, lighting automation, moisture sensors, water pumps, Bluetooth, mobile device control, wireless sensor networks
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Rooftop Garden and Lighting Automation by the Internet of Things (IoT). https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.24018/ejeng.2022.7.1.2700
- The paper
- Miah, S., Raihan, S. M. R., Hasan Sagor, M. M., Hasan, M. M., Talukdar, D., Sajib, S., Alam Naim, M. R., Anisa, U., & Suaiba, U. (2022). Rooftop Garden and Lighting Automation by the Internet of Things (IoT). European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2022.7.1.2700
