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The Cross in the Old Testament (a look through the Paroimias for Elevation of the Venerable and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord)
Open accessAbstract
The paper examines the profound connection between the Old Testament prefigurations and the Feast of the Elevation of the Venerable and Life-Giving Cross, underscoring the profound theological and liturgical significance of the Cross in the Christian tradition. Through the typologies of the tree at Marah, the uplifted hands of Moses, the crossed hands of Jacob, and the Tree of Life, the Church underscores the continuity of salvation history, showing the Cross as both a fulfillment of Old Testament imagery and a symbol of redemption. Liturgical texts and hymnography enrich this understanding, presenting the Cross not only as an instrument of Christ's Passion but also as a source of life, grace, and eternal salvation. The references to cypress, pine, and cedar further root the veneration of the Cross in Scripture and tradition, drawing connections between the material creation and its sanctification through Christ. Ultimately, the Feast serves as a call to worship and contemplation, urging the faithful to recognize the Cross as the ultimate expression of God’s love and a beacon of hope for humanity, uniting past revelations with the present life of the Church and the promise of eternal life.
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TL;DR
This paper examines Old Testament prefigurations of the Cross in the Orthodox Feast of the Elevation of the Venerable and Life-Giving Cross, focusing on the three Paroimias and related hymnography. It argues that figures such as the tree at Marah, Moses’ outstretched hands against Amalek, Jacob’s crossed hands, the tree of life, the bronze serpent, and Joshua at Gibeon are read liturgically as types of Christ’s Cross.
Key findings
- The first Paroimia (Ex 15:22–27; 16:1) is read through the tree at Marah: the hymnography says “wood also once destroyed the bitterness of the waters of Marah, prefiguring the working of the Cross,” and St. Justin Martyr’s *Dialogue with Trypho* 86 is cited for this typology.
- The second Paroimia (Prov 3:11–18) equates Wisdom with the tree of life, which the paper says is identified as the Cross; St. John of Damascus calls the Cross “the tree of eternal life” and “a precious and august tree.”
- The third Paroimia (Is 60:11–16) is linked to cypress, pine, and cedar, which glorify God’s footstool; the paper notes the tradition that Christ’s cross was made from cypress, pine, and cedar, and cites hymns praising Christ crucified on those woods.
- Other prefigurations discussed include Moses’ cross-shaped hands in the battle with Amalek (Ex 17:11–12), Jacob’s crossed hands in blessing Joseph’s sons, the bronze serpent on a pole (Nm 21:9), and Joshua’s outstretched hands at Gibeon (Jos 10:13–14).
Methods
- The paper is a textual and liturgical-theological study, using typological exegesis of the Old Testament readings (Paroimias) appointed for the Feast of the Elevation of the Cross.
- It analyzes Orthodox hymnography—canons, stichera, sessional hymns—alongside patristic sources such as St. Justin Martyr, St. John of Damascus, St. Andrew of Crete, and St. Clement of Ohrid.
- No empirical data, sampling, or quantitative analysis is reported.
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper.
- Evident from the text: the study is selective and confessional in approach, with no explicit criteria for choosing which prefigurations to discuss and no engagement with critical or alternative exegetical readings.
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Claims the paper makes
23 Sources not found · 11 Own interpretation · 9 No basis given · 4 Not checked yet
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In the paper
“One such image is the uplifted hands of Moses during the battle with Amalek (Св.Иустин Философ и мученик 1995, 282; see also Свт.Григорій Палама 1993, 105-120), which is also the most frequently referenced image of the Cross in the worship for the Feast of the Elevation of the Venerable and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Св.Иустин Философ и мученик 1995, 282
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Свт.Григорій Палама 1993, 105-120
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suppose we focus on the Old Testament imagery used in the worship for the feast.In that case, we find the tree as a foreshadowing of the Cross, the crossed hands of Moses during the battle with Amalek, the crossed hands of Jacob in the blessing of his sons, and the antithesis of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and the Tree (the Cross).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
In the paper
“Saint Justin the Martyr refers to the tree of life planted in paradise, stating: Hear, then, how this Man, of whom the Scriptures declare that He will come again in glory after His crucifixion, was symbolized both by the tree of life, which was said to have been planted in paradise, and by those events which should happen to all the just.(Св.Иустин Философ и мученик 1995, 274-276).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Св.Иустин Философ и мученик 1995, 274-276.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“In another of his writings, dedicated to the feast, St. Andrew of Crete again lists numerous examples of the Cross, among which he indicates the battle of Joshua at Gibeon and”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Свт.Андрей, архіеп.Критскій 1897, 1297-1301
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The prefigure (type) is clearly found in the hymnography: Jesus the son unfair sketched out beforetime the type and pattern of Your Cross in mystic figure, when his hands were extended like a cross, my Saviour.The sun stood still in the heaven, till he destroyed the enemies that withstood You, the Mighty God…(glory, tone 8).”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prefiguration is clearly explained several times in the hymnography: Moses once prefigured you, stretching his hands out toward Heaven, and prevailing mightily over tyrant Amalek... (stichera at”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A similar image used in the hymnography for the feast is Jacob's hands placed crosswise on the heads of Joseph's sons.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
In the paper
“The second paroimia is from Prov.3:11-18.The reading equates Wisdom with the tree of life, which is the Cross (Archimandrite Ephrem 2008, 44).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Archimandrite Ephrem 2008, 44
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is reflected in hymns of the Church, such as:”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
In the paper
“The typological interpretation of the tree of life as a type of the Cross of Christ is further strengthened by the testimony of the St. Apostle and Evangelist John:”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jn 19:41
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
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In the paper
“The typological interpretation in the liturgy is presented in the seventh ode of the Canon for Wednesday of the fourth week of Great Lent.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suppose we focus on the Old Testament imagery used in the worship for the feast.In that case, we find the tree as a foreshadowing of the Cross, the crossed hands of Moses during the battle with Amalek, the crossed hands of Jacob in the blessing of his sons, and the antithesis of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and the Tree (the Cross).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
In the paper
“The third paroimia (Is 60:11-16) is from the final part of the book of the Holy Prophet Isaiah and heralds the glorious messianic era, when Jerusalem will be exalted due to the events that occurred there.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Is 60:11-16
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of these prefigurations are incorporated into the hymnography for the feast.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Feast of the Elevation of the Venerable and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord stands as a bridge between the past, present, and future, linking the Old Testament prefigurations with the fulfillment in Christ and the ongoing work of salvation in the Church.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adam was cast out to prevent him from tasting the tree and living forever, but now, through the Tree of the Cross, he tastes eternal life.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the sacrament of Baptism, the priest immerses the cross into the sanctified water, transforming it into the water of a new and personal exodus toward salvation.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Exodus from Egypt (Ex.14:16) and the miracles accompanying the Israelites' journey through the desert are frequently mentioned:”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This prophecy is also read on Great Saturday, prefigurating the gathering of peoples to the city of the Resurrection and the ever-open doors of Christ's Church.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This pericope is also read on the Feast of Theophany and is connected to Baptism and the Cross: during Theophany, mass baptisms were performed.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ex 15:22-27; 16:1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“According to the tradition, the cross of Christ (Archimandrite Ephrem 2008, 44) was made from cypress, pine, and cedar.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Archimandrite Ephrem 2008, 44
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“The topic is also referred to the seventh ode of the Canon for the Elevation of the Venerable and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Saint John of Damascus calls the Cross of Christ”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Св.Йоан Дамаскин 2015, 134
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, St. John of Damascus writes:”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Св.Йоан Дамаскин 2015, 135
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, Solomon's temple was adorned with cypress, pine, and cedar, as mentioned in 2 Chronicles 2:8:”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 2 Chronicles 2:8
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the canon for the Elevation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord, all trees are called to rejoice, as their nature has been sanctified through the cross.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Church collects these Old Testament lessons in its worship:”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The first reading [1] is from Ex 15:22-27; 16:1.It recounts the Israelites' journey through the desert on their way from Egypt to Sinai.Under Moses' leadership, the people arrive at Marah, where they find the water to be bitter.Following God's command, Moses throws a tree into the water, making it sweet and drinkable.The people then continue their journey and reach the abundant springs of water at”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ex 15:22-27; 16:1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of a tree the first parents were expelled from paradise, now through the Tree the Savior opens paradise to the thief who is chained with Him.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suppose we focus on the Old Testament imagery used in the worship for the feast.In that case, we find the tree as a foreshadowing of the Cross, the crossed hands of Moses during the battle with Amalek, the crossed hands of Jacob in the blessing of his sons, and the antithesis of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and the Tree (the Cross).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In the worship of the Church, the connection to the first chapters of Genesis is clearly emphasized -particularly the commandment not to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Gn 2:17) and the expulsion of Adam from Paradise:”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gn 2:17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gn 3:22
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Church calls us to worship the”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tree of life is in Eden, and the Tree (i.e., the Cross), which opens heaven, is also in a garden.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through the tree of the Cross, the Lord cleanses the world from sin, raises up the outcasts, and redeems humanity”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The specific reason for including this pericope from Isaiah as the paroimia for the Exaltation of the Venerable and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord lies in its reference to cypress, pine, and cedar, which glorify the footstool of God's feet.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, in his sermon on the Nativity of Christ, St. Clement of Ohrid relates both the tree and God's Wisdom to Christ:”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Св.Климент Охридски 1970, 170
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At Matins, it is sung: Once in Paradise, the tree stripped me of divine grace; by tasting it, the enemy killed me.But the Tree of the Cross, bearing for men the Garment of Life, rose above the earth, and the whole world was filled with all joy (sessional hymn after the Polyeleos, Tone 8).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suppose we focus on the Old Testament imagery used in the worship for the feast.In that case, we find the tree as a foreshadowing of the Cross, the crossed hands of Moses during the battle with Amalek, the crossed hands of Jacob in the blessing of his sons, and the antithesis of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and the Tree (the Cross).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
In the paper
“Among those that we repeatedly meet in other patristic writings and in the liturgy for the feast, he also indicates Isaac, who carries the wood for the burnt offering (Gn 22), the staff of Moses, which turns into a snake (Ex 4:2-5; 7:10-12), the pillar of fire that led the Israelites during the Exodus (Ex 13:21-22) (Свт.Андрей, архіеп.Критскій 1897, 1297-1301).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Свт.Андрей, архіеп.Критскій 1897, 1297-1301
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The Old Testament passages and liturgical texts should be read typologically as prefigurations of Christ and the Cross.
“Suppose we focus on the Old Testament imagery used in the worship for the feast.In that case, we find the tree as a foreshadowing of the Cross, the crossed hands of Moses during the battle with Amalek, the crossed hands of Jacob in the blessing of his sons, and the antithesis of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and the Tree (the Cross).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hymnography and patristic texts cited accurately represent the Church's theology for the feast.
“The prefiguration is clearly explained several times in the hymnography: Moses once prefigured you, stretching his hands out toward Heaven, and prevailing mightily over tyrant Amalek... (stichera at”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Other Old Testament Prefiguration
“Similarly, Solomon's temple was adorned with cypress, pine, and cedar, as mentioned in 2 Chronicles 2:8:”
§ Other Old Testament Prefiguration
“"Also send me cedar, cypress, and algum logs from Lebanon, for I know that your servants have skill to cut timber in Lebanon."”
Citations
Cites
Biblical interpretation in worship
Lash, E. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/ccol9780521864848.003 · Cited by 17
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 4. Св. Андрей, архіеп. Критскій. Слово на всеславное Воздвиженіе Честнаго и Животворящаго Креста, иже во святыхъ отца нашего Андрея, архіепископа Критскаго. Прибавленія къ Церковнымъ вѣдомостямъ, издаваемымъ при Святѣйшемъ Правительствующемъ Сѵнодѣ. Еженѣдельное изданіе. № 37. СПб.: Сѵнодальная Типографія, 1897. [St. Andrew, Archbishop of Crete. Homily on the Glorious Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, by our Holy Father Andrew, Archbishop of Crete. Supplements to Church News, published by the Holy Governing Synod. Weekly edition. No. 37. St. Petersburg: Synodal Press, 1897].
- 5. Св. Григорій Палама. Омилія 11. О честномъ и животворящемъ Крестѣ. // Бесѣды (Омилии) Святителя Григория Паламы. Часть I. Пер. съ греч. яз. архим. Амвросій (Погодинъ). Первое изданіе на русскомъ языкѣ. Монреаль: Изданіе Братства преп. Іова Почаевскаго, 1968 (1993, фототипно издание). [St. Gregory Palamas. Homily 11. On the Honorable and Life-Giving Cross. // Homilies of St. Gregory Palamas. Part I. Translated by Archimandrite Ambrose (Pogodin). Montreal: Published by the Brotherhood of St. Job of Pochaev, 1968 (1993, facsimile edition).]
- 7. Св. Иустин Философ и мученик. Разговор с Трифоном Иудеем, 86. Творения. М., 1892 (1995, фототипно издание). [St. Justin the Philosopher and Martyr. Dialogue with Trypho the Jew, 86 // Works. Moscow, 1892 (1995, facsimile edition), pp. 274-276]. English translation from: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0128.htm [accessed: 01.11.2024].
Metadata
- Authors
- St. Cyril and St. Methodius, U. O. V. T., & Kancheva, S.
- ORCID
- Kancheva, Stevka
- Venue
- Romanian Orthodox Old Testament Studies
- Publisher
- Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca
- Published
- 2025-08-28
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 150-159
- ISSN
- 2066-0936 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4413880002
- Semantic Scholar
- a7f042f1fb78efd7535aceaf95982b2d3da6181e
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Romanian Orthodox Old Testament Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Byzantine Studies and History
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Karl Barth and Christian Theology
- Keywords
- cross of Christ, typology, salvation history, tree of life, Moses, veneration of the cross, redemption, Orthodox liturgy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Cross in the Old Testament (a look through the Paroimias for Elevation of the Venerable and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord). https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.24193/roots.2025.1.8
- The paper
- St. Cyril and St. Methodius, U. O. V. T., & Kancheva, S. (2025). The Cross in the Old Testament (a look through the Paroimias for Elevation of the Venerable and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord). Romanian Orthodox Old Testament Studies. https://doi.org/10.24193/roots.2025.1.8
