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Effects of dietary fat and energy on body weight and composition after gonadectomy in cats
Open accessAbstract
Objective—To evaluate the effect of dietary fat and energy density on body weight gain, body composition, and total energy expenditure (TEE) in neutered and sexually intact cats. Animals—12 male and 12 female cats Procedure—Male cats were castrated (castrated male [CM]) or underwent no surgical procedure (sexually intact male [IM]). Female cats underwent ovariectomy (spayed female [SF]) or laparotomy and ligation of both uterine tubes without ovary removal (sexually intact female [IF]). Cats were fed either the low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet for 26 weeks, with the final allocation consisting of 8 groups: IF-LF, IF-HF, SF-LF, SF-HF, IM-LF, IM-HF, CM-LF, and CM-HF. Mean food intake for each group was recorded daily, and body weight was monitored weekly throughout the study. Body composition and TEE were measured before surgery in week 0 and at the end of the study (week 26) by isotope dilution (double-labelled water). Results—Neutered cats gained significantly more body fat and body weight (53.80 ± 5.79%) than sexually intact cats (27.11 ± 5.79%) during the study. Body weight gain of neutered cats fed the HF diet was greater than those fed the LF diet. Following correction for body composition, TEE was similar in all groups and no pattern towards increased food intake was evident. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Weight gain in neutered cats was decreased by feeding an LF, low energy-dense diet. To prevent weight gain in cats after neutering, a suitable LF diet should be fed in carefully controlled meals rather than ad libitum. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1708–1713)
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“Given the known association between neutering and obesity in cats [25–28], it is possible that growth patterns are affected by either castration or ovariohysterectomy.”
From Growth standard charts for monitoring bodyweight in intact domestic shorthair kittens from the USA (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
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“In cats, gonadectomy is also associated with an increased body weight gain and elevated risk for obesity (Kanchuk et al., 2003; Nguyen et al., 2004).”
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“This is in agreement with a previous study that evaluated the effect of diets of different composition on fat mass in gonadectomised cats (33) .”
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“In addition, greater weight gains and body fat accumulation are seen after neutering when energy dense diets are used.(50,51) Regarding dogs, there is much less information.”
BackgroundSpontaneous hormonal variations in male cats following gonadectomy
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ResultSelf-citationEnvironmental Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats
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ResultInconvenient Desires: Should We Routinely Neuter Companion Animals?
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Myths and Misperceptions About Ingredients Used in Commercial Pet Foods
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“A study involving neutered cats reveals that high-fat diets resulted in more significant weight gain than a high-carbohydrate diet [144].”
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Zoran, D. L., & Rand, J. S. (2013) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.11.004 · Cited by 23
“There are multiple components to prevention of obesity in cats, but from the perspective of diet, one factor is key: providing excess energy through free choice or ad libitum feeding of neutered, inactive, indoor cats is to be strongly discouraged.(11,13,17,18) In addition to counseling owners about the importance of…”
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“Recent studies have demonstrated that ovariohysterectomy and castration in cats leads to an increase in food intake and weight gain (Fettman et al., 1997; Martin et al., 2001; Kanchuk et al., 2003; Nguyen et al., 2004).”
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“Further, ovariectomized rats, mice and cats have greater overall FM compared with amounts in age-matched controls (McElroy and Wade, 1987; Nguyen et al., 2004; Hong et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGrowth standard charts for monitoring bodyweight in intact domestic shorthair kittens from the USA
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Evidence does not support the controversy regarding carbohydrates in feline diets
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Identifying the target population and preventive strategies to combat feline obesity
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“32,44 In both studies, cats were gonadectomized at 7–10 months of age, they were fed ad libitum and test diets were not formulated specifically for growth.”
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“Though diets were fed to an equivalent protein:ME ratio amino acids may have been transiently utilised for gluconeogenesis resulting in greater serum glucose concentrations((21)) during diet adaptation((16)).”
Castration promotes the browning of the prostate tumor microenvironment
Álvarez-Artime, A., García-Soler, B., González‐Menéndez, P., Fernández-Vega, S., Cernuda‐Cernuda, R., Hevia, D., Mayo, J. C., & Sainz, R. M. (2023) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-023-01294-y · Cited by 12
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“These two adopted approaches, the in vivo digestibility and the use of starch to evaluate available carbohydrates, may justify the precision and agreement between DLW and food intake in the present study(52).”
MethodInfluentialComparison of growth in neutered Domestic Shorthair kittens with growth in sexually-intact cats
Salt, C., Butterwick, R. F., Henzel, K. S., & German, A. J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283016 · Cited by 8
“As a result, it is recommended that food intake be controlled after neutering to prevent the development of obesity [7].”
BackgroundResultNutritional Management of Body Weight
Michel, K. E., & Backus, R. C. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781119375241.ch9 · Cited by 8
Feeding the Healthy Dog and Cat
Fascetti, A. J., & Delaney, S. J. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119375241.ch7 · Cited by 9
Cowan, N. J., Brownlie, W. J., Tomlinson, S., Carnell, E., Drewer, J., Dragosits, U., Levy, P., & Spears, B. M. (2024) · Sustainable Environment · doi:10.1080/27658511.2024.2415181 · Cited by 6
“While behaviour, diet, and neutered status can all affect the weight of domesticated cats (Nguyen et al., 2004), the default clinical expectation for a pet cat is to weigh approximately 4 kg, and between 3.5 and 4.5 kg, this being consistent across most domesticated breeds in good health.”
InfluentialGodfrey, H., Rankovic, A., Grant, C., Abood, S. K., Shoveller, A. K. K., Bakovic, M., & Verbrugghe, A. (2022) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114522003385 · Cited by 6
“However, the increased food intake, higher bodyweights (BW) andhigher percent in body fat that occur postgonadectomy may lead to an obese state(4,5,8,9).”
BackgroundAllaway, D., de Alvaro, C. H., Hewson-Hughes, A. K., Staunton, R. H., Morris, P., & Alexander, J. E. (2018) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451800257x · Cited by 6
“Previously, feeding a 27% PER diet to lean cats in amounts intended to maintain ideal BW resulted in reduced BW but no loss of lean body mass((14)).”
BackgroundInfluentialGonadectomia pré-puberal em cães e gatos
Voorwald, F. A., Tiosso, C. D. F., & Toniollo, G. H. (2013) · Ciência Rural · doi:10.1590/s0103-84782013005000059 · Cited by 5
Cats and carbohydrates: implications for health and disease.
Laflamme, D. P. (2010) · Cited by 5
Feeding the Healthy Dog and Cat
Fascetti, A. J., & Delaney, S. J. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118785669.ch7 · Cited by 5
Godfrey, H., Ribeiro, É. D. M., Verton-Shaw, S., Shoveller, A. K. K., Kostiuk, D., Kelly, J., Blades, J. S., & Verbrugghe, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1588330 · Cited by 4
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“The RFMR is the lowest value of EE observed and is intended to approximate the basal metabolic rate, similar to the LOMR which is the lowest amount of energy expended in the postabsorptive state at rest (Blaxter, 1989; Nguyen et al., 2004b).”
InfluentialBaştan, İ. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1532039 · Cited by 4
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“Nguyen et al 2004 (25), reported a 53% increase in body weight in cats after OVX compared with only 27% in a group that underwent sham surgical intervention.”
Changes of pituitary and penile structure in male adult rats following castration and high-fat diet
Lu, Y., Jiang, B., Xia, F., Zhai, H., Chen, Y., Yu, J., Zhao, L., Wang, N., Qiao, J.-K., & Yang, L. (2010) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347040 · Cited by 4
Saruhan, B. G., Özbağ, D., Özdemir, N., & Gümüşalan, Y. (2006) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 4
Vor- und Nachteile der Kastration von Kätzinnen und Katern
Reichler, M. I. (2010) · Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde · doi:10.1024/0036-7281/a000064 · Cited by 4
Guse, B., Langenstein, J., Bauer, N. B., & Hazuchova, K. (2024) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x241262669 · Cited by 3
Godfrey, H., Ellis, J. L., & Verbrugghe, A. (2025) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skaf071 · Cited by 3
“When fed ad libitum, high-fat diets consistently resulted in greater energy intakes compared to high-carbohydrate diets, driving an increase in BW in cats (Nguyen et al., 2004; Backus et al., 2007; Martin et al., 2010; Farrow et al., 2013).”
InfluentialPerplexing pedunculated lipomas
Kilcoyne, I., & Nieto, J. E. (2019) · Equine Veterinary Education · doi:10.1111/eve.13070 · Cited by 3
Sulaiman, N.-A., Abdullah, A., Thent, Z. C., & Saad, Q. H. M. (2024) · Sains Malaysiana · doi:10.17576/jsm-2024-5302-03 · Cited by 3
Spofford, N., Mougeot, I., Elliott, D. A., Addleman, A., Lefebvre, S. L., Wang, M., Yang, M., Feugier, A., Biourge, V. C., & Lund, E. M. (2014) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2014.48 · Cited by 2
Self-citationEffects of photoperiod on weight maintenance in adult neutered male cats
Kappen, K. L. (2012) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 2
Pre-pubertal feline neutering: the role of the veterinary nurse in owner education
Gower, L. (2017) · Veterinary Nursing Journal · doi:10.1080/17415349.2017.1321331 · Cited by 2
“Several studies have shown that neutering is a risk factor for obesity (Courcier, Mellor, Pendlebury, Evans, & Yam, 2012; Nguyen et al., 2004; Root et al., 1996), with neutered cats more than three times more likely to become obese than entire cats (Reichler, 2009).”
BackgroundCave, N. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00031-6 · Cited by 2
Hemmings, C. (2019) · The Veterinary Nurse · doi:10.12968/vetn.2019.10.5.250 · Cited by 2
Newell‐Fugate, A. E. (2008) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 2
Nutritional Management of Endocrine Diseases
Fascetti, A. J., & Delaney, S. J. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781119375241.ch17 · Cited by 2
Hookey, T., Backus, R. C., Bjørnvad, C. R., Davison, L. J., Fleeman, L. M., Fracassi, F., German, A. J., Gilor, C., Gostelow, R., Schoeman, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x251409019 · Cited by 1
“74,75 In cats with or at risk of DM, excessive body fat promotes the development of insulin resistance, which effectively slows the rate of glucose disposal and increases the amount of insulin secretion needed to maintain euglycaemia.”
Educating owners – the key to managing cat populations
Aurich, J. E., & Becher-Deichsel, A. (2013) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.f3294 · Cited by 1
Polat, E., Acısu, T. C., Sönmez, M., Ünsaldı, E., Otlu, Ö., Tanrısever, M., Cihangiroğlu, A. Ç., & Baykalır, Y. (2023) · Revista Científica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias · doi:10.52973/rcfcv-e33290 · Cited by 1
Obésité chez les carnivores domestiques
Martin, L. (2008)
Self-citationVasconcellos, R. S. (2008) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Lämplig ålder för kastration av katt
Forslund, L. (2014) · Epsilon Archive for Student Projects (University of Southampton)
Changes in Different Insulin Sensitive Tissues Gene Expression of Cat Fed on High-fat Diet
Li, G., Lee, P. N., Okada, Y., YAMAMOTO, I., Arai, T., & Mori, N. (2014) · Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances · doi:10.3923/ajava.2014.270.280
Gonadectomia pré-puberal em cães e gatos
Donato, P. H. S. N. (2013)
Metadata
- Authors
- Nguyen, P. G., Dumon, H. J., Siliart, B. S., Martin, L. J., Sergheraert, R., & Biourge, V. C.
- Venue
- American Journal of Veterinary Research
- Published
- 2004-12-01
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1708-1713
- ISSN
- 0002-9645 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113663267
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Veterinary Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- cats, gonadectomy, neutering, dietary fat, energy density, weight gain, body composition, total energy expenditure, ovariectomy, castration, weight gain prevention, dietary intake, ad libitum feeding
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Weight, Cats, Dietary Fats, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Female, Male, Orchiectomy, Ovariectomy
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