The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Estimating the Reliability of a Single-Item Measure
Abstract
Single-item measures of employees' attitudes and beliefs are generally discouraged because their (internal consistency) reliability cannot be estimated. This results in the concern that reliability may be unacceptably low, particularly when compared to scales used to measure the same construct. A method for estimating the reliability of a single-item measure is demonstrated on original data that included both a single-item and a multiple-item measure of three constructs, namely, Over-all Job Satisfaction, Perceived Amount of Participation, and Desired Amount of Participation in decision-making. The average minimum estimated reliability for these single-item measures is .57; however, a realistic yet conservative estimate of their likely minimum reliability is at least .70.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The use of single-item measures is another possible limitation, comprising several outcome measures collected by the app. There is a concern that the reliability of single-item measures may be objectionably low [34].”
Citations
Cites
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
The nature and causes of job satisfaction
Locke, E. A. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,819
Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5278 · Cited by 5,483
JOB SATISFACTION: ARE ALL THE PARTS THERE?
Scarpello, V., & Campbell, J. P. (1983) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1983.tb02236.x · Cited by 862
Research strategies and tactics in industrial and organizational psychology.
Sackett, P. R., & Larson, J. R. (1990) · Cited by 454
PREDICTING MARITAL SATISFACTION FROM IDEAL AND ACTUAL MATERNAL ROLES
Bollman, S. R., Schumm, W. R., Jurich, A. P., & Yoon, G. J. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.99 · Cited by 7
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 7 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Cook J. D., 1981, The experience of work.
- Dawis R. V., 1984, A psychological theory of work adjustment.
- Nunnally J. C., 1978, Psychometric theory.
- Nunnally J. C., 1994, Psychometric theory.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–379 of 379
Young, I. P., & Miller-Smith, K. (2006) · Education Policy Analysis Archives · doi:10.14507/epaa.v14n7.2006 · Cited by 1
Bianchi, E. C. (2012) · doi:10.7916/d8mg7wfp · Cited by 1
Shi, L., Sun, S., Zhu, X., & Geng, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.928101 · Cited by 1
Tripathi, S., & Tripathi, D. (2023) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.2023.2207920 · Cited by 1
Validating two shortened versions of the fitness switching cost scale
Kim, K. A., & Lee, S. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship · doi:10.1108/ijsms-06-2023-0114 · Cited by 1
Estimating Reliability for Tests With One Constructed‐Response Item in a Section
Qu, Y., & Sinharay, S. (2024) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/ets2.12382 · Cited by 1
13. Music in Christian Services as a Means to Induce Religious Feelings
Wald‐Fuhrmann, M. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.13 · Cited by 1
Bouteneff, P. C. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.02 · Cited by 1
Arnold, J. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.14 · Cited by 1
Employee Turnover in a Nature-based Tourism Resort: Beyond Job Satisfaction
Rodrigues, C., Krishnamurthy, A., & Souza, M. J. D. (2025) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875251346928 · Cited by 1
Student-Athletes’ Perceptions of Leadership Styles of Division III Basketball Coaches
Farneti, C., & Turner, B. A. (2013) · Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education · doi:10.1179/1935739713z.00000000013 · Cited by 1
Alone or in company? Cultural orientation, strategic response and COVID-19 outcomes
Zoogah, B. D., Quao, B. S., Musah, V. H. T., & Ahwireng, P. O. (2021) · Africa Journal of Management · doi:10.1080/23322373.2021.1878811 · Cited by 1
Assessing Learning Motivation of Library-Information Majors at Can Tho University, Vietnam
Le, L. N., & Bui, A. T. (2021) · International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) · doi:10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v4i6p115 · Cited by 1
Weiber, R., & Sarstedt, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-32660-9_6 · Cited by 1
Small group negotiation : do individualists exploit cooperators?
Schei, V., & Rognes, J. K. (2003) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Green gamification : changing habits through long-term engagement and stories
Kronisch, D. C. (2019) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) · Cited by 1
Entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behaviour:a social psychological perspective
Karim, M. S. (2014) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · doi:10.48780/publications.aston.ac.uk.00024449
Adjustment in Victims of September 11: Reactions to a Large-Scale Civilan Trauma
Holmes, S. E. (2004) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Reinaerts, E. (2008) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20080411er
Coetzee, B. B. (2014) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa)
Stress, Social Support, and Health of Urban Latinas
Jang, N. R. (2015) · doi:10.7916/d8g15zx9
Managerial Performance An Analysis of Selected Antecedents and Mediators
Manoj, M., & Manalel, J. (2013) · Dyuthi Digital Repository (Cochin University of Science and Technology)
Young, I. P., & Marroquin, P. F. (2006) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700760600629687
Shankar, L., Barón, A., & Erdur‐Baker, Ö. (2000) · OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)
Determinants of the mode of offshoring of services by large US corporations
Pore, A. (2010) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3fn16cg
Manninen, E. (2016) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
The role of attachment styles in team functioning
Pheiffer, G. (2016) · London Met Repository (London Metropolitan University)
Re-conceptualization of psychological empowerment
Ng, T. W. H. (2006)
Huang, C. (2013) · QUT Business School; School of Advertising, Marketing & Public Relations
ESSAYS ON PARTICIPATORY PRICING, BRANDING, AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Blair, J. R. (2018) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-blair-james-2018
Juillerat, T. L. (2010) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/t895-c865
Smith, K. E. (2019) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3259
Pore, A. (2018) · AIMS International Journal of Management · doi:10.26573/2018.12.2.3
Can Mindfulness foster well-being and performance at work? A compendium of intervention studies
Coo, C. (2020) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · doi:10.6035/14109.2020.593997
Author, U. (2019) · Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) · doi:10.24385/lincoln.24326263
Ahmad Rafiqi, D., & Kumorotomo, P. D. W. (2020)
Weaver, C. N. (2003) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.93.7.1032-1034
Clarifying the Role of Social Support in the Relationship between Stressors and Strains at Work
de Carvalho, M. J. S. (2015) · San José State University ScholarWorks (San Jose State University) · doi:10.31979/etd.rfz2-59je
Schwarz, C., & Schwarz, A. (2015) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8756-1.ch020
The importance of attitudes on mask wearing behavior: The moderating role of trust in science
Barlett, C. P., Taipina, S., & Russo, T.-J. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112342
Woodford, B. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vpgdu
Soucy, K. I., Stewart, S. H., Loverock, A., Wild, T. C., & Yakovenko, I. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01203-x
Mori, M., & Cavaliere, V. F. (2024) · STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI · doi:10.3280/so2023-002005 · Cited by 1
Zhou, W., & Woszidlo, A. (2024) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12541
Sex Drive Among the Dark TetradPreprint
Paulhus, D. L., Poulter, M. M. L., & Trapnell, P. D. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4820149
18. Music and Spirituality in Communal Song
Clarke, M. V. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.18
16. An Abductive Study of Digital Worship through the Lenses of Netnography and Digital Ecclesiology
Lazić, T. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.16
1. Encountering the Uncontrollable
Begbie, J. S. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.01
McGregor, R. E. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.12
10. The Concept of ‘Atmosphere’ as a Bridge between Music and Spirituality
Sawicki, B. Ł. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.10
Corbett, G., & Moerman, S. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.20
O’Connor, M. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.03
MacMillan, J. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.00
17. Choral Singers and Spiritual Realities
Ferguson, M. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.17
Howell, C. M. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.06
4. An Adorative Posture towards Music and Spiritual Realities
Stone-Davis, F. J. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.04
SLOBODA, J. A. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.19
Heaney, M. L. (2024) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0403.11
Castillo, A., & Verdín, D. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--46405
Lowman, G. H., & Wood, D. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mwd5g_v1
Davies, B., Juden, R., Greville, W. J., & Hooper, N. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02624-6
Does Media Use Enhance Environmental Co-Production Willingness?
Qiu, X., & Yi, C. (2025) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/00953997251389947
La inteligencia emocional en el puesto de trabajo
Alegre, J., & Chiva, R. (2008) · Revista de Trabajo y Seguridad Social CEF · doi:10.51302/rtss.2008.5553
Who Recognizes Me Better Than Anyone? Thai Students’ Self- and Social Recognition in STEM
Ladachart, L., Radchanet, V., Phothong, W., & Ladachart, L. (2026) · Improving Schools · doi:10.1177/13654802261420454
When Robot Overrides Us: The Impact of Autonomous Decisions on User Trust
Chang, X., Li, Y., Zeng, X., Peng, J. Q., & Lc, R. (2026) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3776734.3794560
Boyagoda, G. S. B., Thalagala, S. M. K., Pathirana, S. L., Jeewantha, S., & Wisenthige, K. (2026) · International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management · doi:10.1108/ijqrm-04-2025-0133
Lux, G. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/adea9c2az8819z4aabza8b6zb8d5d940ac5b · Cited by 2
Xu, J., Bloomfield, L. S. P., Sawe, N. A., Altaf, B., Ardoin, N. M., Murnane, E. L., & Billington, S. L. (2026) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1155/ina/1552884
Shaikh, R., Han, Y., & Hwang, K. (2026) · Journal of Asian and African Studies · doi:10.1177/00219096261462537
Moradi, S., Bauger, L., Møller-Skau, C., & Braathen, T. N. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1693530
Elsafadi, H., Burton, A. L., Jonson, C. L., & Moon, M. M. (2026) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2026.2725628
Validation of the Japanese Version of the Rating of Fatigue Scale
Suzuki, K., & Arai, T. (2026) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-026-01108-8
Zhang, H., Wenxue, Z., & Tang, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1955608
Metadata
- Authors
- Wanous, J. P., & Reichers, A. E.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio Slate University
- Venue
- Psychological Reports
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1996-04
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 631-634
- ISSN
- 0033-2941 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-691X
- OpenAlex
- W1979597058
- Cited by
- 380
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Reports (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- single-item measures, reliability estimation, internal consistency, employee attitudes, job satisfaction, employee participation, decision-making participation, construct measurement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review