The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 32 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To synthesize recent evidence from systematic and comprehensive reviews on the effectiveness of universal and selective child maltreatment prevention interventions, evaluate the methodological quality of the reviews and outcome evaluation studies they are based on, and map the geographical distribution of the evidence. METHODS: A systematic review of reviews was conducted. The quality of the systematic reviews was evaluated with a tool for the assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR), and the quality of the outcome evaluations was assessed using indicators of internal validity and of the construct validity of outcome measures. FINDINGS: The review focused on seven main types of interventions: home visiting, parent education, child sex abuse prevention, abusive head trauma prevention, multi-component interventions, media-based interventions, and support and mutual aid groups. Four of the seven - home-visiting, parent education, abusive head trauma prevention and multi-component interventions - show promise in preventing actual child maltreatment. Three of them - home visiting, parent education and child sexual abuse prevention - appear effective in reducing risk factors for child maltreatment, although these conclusions are tentative due to the methodological shortcomings of the reviews and outcome evaluation studies they draw on. An analysis of the geographical distribution of the evidence shows that outcome evaluations of child maltreatment prevention interventions are exceedingly rare in low- and middle-income countries and make up only 0.6% of the total evidence base. CONCLUSION: Evidence for the effectiveness of four of the seven main types of interventions for preventing child maltreatment is promising, although it is weakened by methodological problems and paucity of outcome evaluations from low- and middle-income countries.
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TL;DR
This systematic review of reviews synthesized 26 reviews on universal and selective child maltreatment prevention interventions and found promising evidence for four of seven intervention types, but the evidence is weakened by methodological shortcomings and a near-total absence of outcome evaluations from low- and middle-income countries. Only 0.6% of the 298 included outcome-evaluation publications were from middle-income countries, and none were from low-income countries.
Key findings
- Of 3299 titles identified, 26 reviews met inclusion criteria; they summarized 298 publications on primarily single outcome evaluation studies and another 85 reviews and commentaries.
- Four of seven intervention types — home visiting, parent education, abusive head trauma prevention, and multi-component interventions — showed promise for preventing actual child maltreatment. Three — home visiting, parent education, and child sexual abuse prevention — appeared effective in reducing risk factors, though conclusions were tentative.
- Geographic distribution: 296 of 298 publications (99.4%) were from high-income countries (around 83% from the USA); two (0.6%) were from middle-income countries (a sex abuse prevention programme in China and kangaroo mother care/mother–child bond in Colombia); none were from low-income countries.
- Quality: mean AMSTAR score for the 15 systematic reviews was 6.3 (SD 1.88); 3 reviews were low quality, 10 moderate, and 2 high. Of 298 publications, 140 (47%) used randomized controlled designs, 82 (27.5%) non-randomized controlled designs, and 45 (15.1%) had no control group; direct measures of child maltreatment were used in less than one-third, while 64.4% used risk factors.
Methods
- Systematic review of reviews searching English and non-English databases including Medline, PsychINFO, Embase, CINAHL, Social Sciences Citation Index, Science Citation Index, LILACS, ERIC, NCJRS, Campbell Library, Cochrane Library, WorldWideScience, KoreaMed, IndMED, and Google, plus reference lists and 10 international experts.
- Inclusion required reviews published January 2000–July 2008 evaluating universal or selective interventions (not indicated interventions) with outcomes of physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, or emotional abuse by a parent or caretaker; bullying and witnessing intimate partner violence were excluded.
- Two reviewers independently screened 25% of studies and assessed full texts; review quality was assessed with AMSTAR, and outcome evaluations were assessed for internal validity (randomized controlled, non-randomized controlled, no control group) and construct validity of outcome measures (direct, proxy, or risk-factor measures), with geographical mapping.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: further non-English language databases might have identified additional reviews; a recent Lancet review was not included because it appeared after completion; for four reviews it was not possible to separate conclusions from the small number of “indicated” interventions included; three methodological quality dimensions of outcome evaluation studies — treatment fidelity, statistical conclusion validity, and descriptive validity — were not assessed; and only easily accessible grey literature was searched, excluding theses, dissertations, and conference proceedings.
- Evident from the text: the evidence base is overwhelmingly from high-income, English-speaking countries, so the authors state it cannot be assumed that current evidence applies outside high-income countries; many included studies lacked control groups or used risk-factor outcomes rather than direct maltreatment measures, and the reviews themselves were only of moderate quality on average, making effectiveness conclusions tentative.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four of the seven -home-visiting, parent education, abusive head trauma prevention and multi-component interventions -show promise in preventing actual child maltreatment.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“There is evidence that four of the seven types of universal and selective interventions examined in the 26 reviews are promising for preventing actual child maltreatment: home visiting, parent education, abusive head trauma prevention and multi-component programmes”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The review focused on seven main types of interventions: home visiting, parent education, child sex abuse prevention, abusive head trauma prevention, multi-component interventions, media-based interventions, and support and mutual aid groups.”
- Also stated in: § Overall · plain
“The following seven main types of interventions were included in at least two of the 26 reviews and are the most widely implemented and evaluated types of interventions.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Overall · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two of the meta-analyses reported small and medium effect sizes for parent education programmes on the basis of both risk factors and direct measures of child maltreatment.12,13”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Parent education programmes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
- Not checked yetcites [13]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies that measured future sexual abuse as an outcome reported mixed results.39,40”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention programmes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
- Not checked yetcites [40]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is evidence that four of the seven main types of universal and selective interventions to prevent actual child maltreatment are promising”
- Also stated in: § Resumen Prevención del maltrato infantil: revisión sistemática de las revisiones · plain
“Cuatro de las siete (visitas a domicilio, educación de los padres, prevención de los traumatismos craneales por maltrato e intervenciones con múltiples componentes) fueron prometedoras para evitar que se produzca el maltrato infantil.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Resumen Prevención del maltrato infantil: revisión sistemática de las revisiones · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trois d'entre elles -visites à domicile, éducation des parents et prévention des abus sexuels chez l'enfant -apparaissent efficaces dans la réduction des facteurs de risque de maltraitance infantile, en dépit du caractère provisoire de ces conclusions”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Résumé Prévention de la maltraitance chez l'enfant : revue systématique des revues
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only three reviews, which included a total of four publications on outcome evaluations, focused on interventions to prevent abusive head trauma”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Abusive head trauma
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“of the outcome variables reported in the publications included in these reviews, 64.4% were risk factors rather than measures of actual abuse.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of the three meta-analyses that examined the association between methodological quality and effect size, all found that studies with poorer methodological quality had larger effect sizes.11,13,15”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
- Not checked yetcites [13]
- Not checked yetcites [15]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Une analyse de la distribution géographique des preuves montre que les évaluations des résultats des interventions pour prévenir la maltraitance des enfants sont extrêmement rares dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen et ne constituent que 0,6 % de l'ensemble de la base factuelle.”
- Also stated in: § Resumen Prevención del maltrato infantil: revisión sistemática de las revisiones · plain
“El análisis de la distribución geográfica de los datos revela que los estudios sobre los resultados de las intervenciones de prevención del maltrato son extremadamente raros en los países de bajos y medianos ingresos (0,6% de la totalidad de dichos estudios).”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Résumé Prévention de la maltraitance chez l'enfant : revue systématique des revues
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Resumen Prevención del maltrato infantil: revisión sistemática de las revisiones · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three of them -home visiting, parent education and child sexual abuse prevention -appear effective in reducing risk factors for child maltreatment, although these conclusions are tentative due to the methodological shortcomings of the reviews and outcome evaluation studies they draw on.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An analysis of the geographical distribution of the evidence shows that outcome evaluations of child maltreatment prevention interventions are exceedingly rare in low-and middle-income countries and make up only 0.6% of the total evidence base.”
- Also stated in: § Geographical distribution of the evidence · plain
“Of the 298 publications on outcome evaluation studies included in the reviews, 296 (99.4%) were on studies in high-income countries (around 83% in the USA), two (0.6%) in middleincome countries -a study on a sex abuse prevention programme in China and another on kangaroo mother care and the mother-child bond in Colombia -and none in low-income countries”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Geographical distribution of the evidence · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 3299 titles identified through the search strategy, 26 met the inclusion criteria (Table 1).”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Overall
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these reviews suggest that early home visitation programmes are effective in reducing risk factors for child maltreatment, but whether they reduce direct measures is less clear-cut.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Early childhood home visitation
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 26 reviews that satisfied the inclusion criteria, 17 summarized evidence on early childhood home visitation programmes (Table 1) based on 149 publications on individual outcome studies and several further reviews.This made it the most extensively evaluated type of intervention.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Early childhood home visitation
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 149Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 26 reviews included summarized 298 publications on primarily single outcome evaluation studies and another 85 reviews and commentaries.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Overall
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet research on the effectiveness of universal and selective interventions appears to be almost exclusively the affair of English-speaking, highincome countries.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence, in relation to actual child mistreatment, on the three remaining types -child sexual abuse prevention, media-based interventions and social support and mutual aid groups -is either insufficient or mixed.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other reviews concluded, however, that while the evidence shows improvements in risk factors for child maltreatment, evidence of an effect on actual child maltreatment remains insufficient.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Parent education programmes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These reviews are all but unanimous in the finding that, on the one hand, school-based interventions to prevent child sexual abuse are effective at strengthening protective factors against this type of abuse (e.g.knowledge of sexual abuse and protective behaviours) and, on the other, that evidence about whether such programmes reduce actual sexual abuse is lacking.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention programmes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Direct measures of child maltreatment were used in less than one-third of the publications on outcome evaluations (Table 4), and in around 64.4% of them, risk factors were used as an indicator of child maltreatment.The proportion of direct measures was highest (44.3%) for early home visiting programmes, considerably lower (17.4%) for parent education programmes, and exceedingly low for child”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Construct validity of the outcome variable
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 298 publications on outcome evaluation studies included in the reviews, 296 (99.4%) were on studies in high-income countries (around 83% in the USA), two (0.6%) in middleincome countries -a study on a sex abuse prevention programme in China and another on kangaroo mother care and the mother-child bond in Colombia -and none in low-income countries (Fig. 1).Of all publications, 290 (almost 97”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Geographical distribution of the evidence
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two methodological weaknesses of the outcome evaluation studies were repeatedly highlighted in the reviews themselves: weak internal validity and inappropriate outcome measures.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysis of internal validity showed that some 15% of the publications included in the reviews failed to use a control group, and that for child sexual abuse prevention and parenting education the proportion increased to 18.9% and 23.9%, respectively.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cuatro de las siete (visitas a domicilio, educación de los padres, prevención de los traumatismos craneales por maltrato e intervenciones con múltiples componentes) fueron prometedoras para evitar que se produzca el maltrato infantil.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Resumen Prevención del maltrato infantil: revisión sistemática de las revisiones
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Three reviews, which included a total of seven publications, discussed multi-component interventions”
- Also stated in: § Multi-component interventions · plain
“A metaanalysis found the effect size of multicomponent interventions to be 0.58.14”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Multi-component interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Multi-component interventions · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two reviews focused on social support and mutual aid groups aimed to strengthen parents' social network.MacLeod & Nelson found an effect size of 0.38 for interventions that used risk factors for child maltreatment as an outcome, 14 whereas Barlow et al. conclude that such interventions are not effective.9”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Support and mutual aid groups
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“MacLeod & Nelson, based on two studies (only one of which was included in the two other reviews) found a large effect size (1.26) in the reduction of risk factors for child maltreatment for this type of intervention.14”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Special theme -Childhood injuries and violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
- Not checked yetcites [14]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Three of the reviews were of low quality (i.e.AMSTAR scores between 0-4), 10 were of moderate quality (5-8), and two, including the Cochrane Review by Zwi et al., were of high quality (9-11) 16 (Table 2).The overall mean AMSTAR score for the 15 systematic reviews included in this study was 6.3 (standard deviation, SD: 1.88).”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Quality of the systematic reviews
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The minimum standards for the research designs of the studies included were specified in 17 of the 24 reviews (excluding the reviews of reviews).In six of the 11 reviews that included studies with no control group, the latter comprised 20% or more of the total, and in one case, as much as 50%, In 11 of 24 reviews, the proportion of outcome evaluations in which risk factors for child abuse were the”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Quality of the systematic reviews
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-randomized controlled designs were used in about 27.5% of the publications overall and in 21.5%, 39.1% and 31.1% of the publications on home visiting, parent education and child sexual abuse prevention, respectively.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“retrospective and prospective studies have established that child maltreatment has strong, long-lasting effects on brain architecture, psychological functioning, mental health, health risk behaviours, social functioning, life expectancy and health-care costs.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1]
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both reviewers assessed the full text of all reviews in light of the inclusion criteria.Uncertainties were discussed and consensus was reached in all cases.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Special theme -Childhood injuries and violence
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“epidemiological data on and policies and programmes against child maltreatment are conspicuously lacking in most low-and middle-income countries”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“epidemiological studies have clearly established that child maltreatment is not peculiar to the West but a truly global phenomenon that occurs in some lowand middle-income countries at higher rates than in wealthier countries.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second reviewer independently screened 25% of the studies identified and previously screened by the first reviewer.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Special theme -Childhood injuries and violence
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“evidence strongly suggests that treating and later trying to remedy the effects of child maltreatment are both less effective and more costly than preventing it in the first place.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AMSTAR, a measurement tool for the assessment of multiple systematic reviews that has good reliability and validity.36,37”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Special theme -Childhood injuries and violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36]
- Not checked yetcites [37]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence for the effectiveness of each main type of intervention was graded independently by two reviewers (Table 1) with an adaptation of a pre-existing system, 35 and there were no disagreements.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Special theme -Childhood injuries and violence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The empirical examination of surveillance bias, a problem affecting outcome measures in home visiting evaluations, suggests that its importance is often exaggerated and that it rarely substantially alters findings.45”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the mean number of times individual publications were included in the reviews was 1.68, which suggests that searches were less than comprehensive.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The number of times individual publications were included in the reviews serves as a rough proxy for the comprehensiveness of reviews' search strategies.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to emphasize that when a particular type of intervention is judged to be promising, it may mean that only a single programme has been unambiguously shown to be effective, as is the case for home-visiting programmes.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The programme was found to reduce the in-cidence of abusive head trauma by 47%”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Abusive head trauma
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, only the most easily accessible grey literature was searched.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, in the case of four reviews it was not possible to separate the conclusions derived from the small number of”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Methods and standards for developing sound and effective child maltreatment Special theme -Childhood injuries and violence Review on child maltreatment prevention Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart prevention interventions are available and have been successfully applied.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study has revealed a woeful imbalance in the geographic distribution of child maltreatment prevention research: over 99% of the publications were on studies conducted in highincome countries, a parallel of the 10/90 gap in other areas of health research.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fourth, three other methodological quality dimensions of outcome evaluation studies -namely, treatment fidelity, statistical conclusion validity and descriptive validity -were not assessed.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, its main conclusions -e.g. that more controlled trials using actual outcomes of maltreatment are needed -reinforce the main messages of this review.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Second, a recent review published in the Lancet was not included, since it appeared after this review was completed.”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the quality of the non-randomized controlled studies was not assessed here, the internal validity of the research designs of most of these studies is generally considered to be weak.43,44”
§ Child maltreatment prevention: a systematic review of reviews > Christopher Mikton & Alexander Butchart
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [44]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The number of times individual publications were included in the reviews serves as a rough proxy for the comprehensiveness of reviews' search strategies.
“The number of times individual publications were included in the reviews also served as a rough proxy for the comprehensiveness of reviews' search strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
When the country where a study was carried out could not be determined, the authors' institutional affiliation is a valid proxy for the country.
“In 10 (4%) of the 298 publications it was not possible to determine the country where the study was carried out, so the authors' institutional affiliation was used as a proxy instead.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The typology of seven main types of interventions reflects the typology used by the reviews themselves.
“This typology reflects that used by the reviews themselves.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neither theses and dissertations nor conference proceedings is, in general, an important source of systematic and other reviews.
“The two main types of grey literature excluded were theses and dissertations and conference proceedings, neither of which is, in general, an important source of systematic and other reviews.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In low- and middle-income countries, child maltreatment represents a greater health burden and slows economic and social development to a greater extent than in high-income countries.
“In low-and middle-income countries, child maltreatment represents a greater health burden and slows economic and social development to a greater extent than in high-income countries.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, these recent reviews also stressed the importance of tailoring CSA prevention programs to suit the context, and highlights that many of the evaluated programs are from high-income countries (Fry, 2015; Mikton and Butchart, 2009; WHO et al., 2016; Walsh et al., 2015).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Mikton and Butchart, 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
The middle-income publication share is misrounded
MinorTwo of 298 publications constitute 0.7% to one decimal place, rather than the reported 0.6%.
Reported 0.6 · recomputed 0.671141
“two (0.6%) in middleincome countries”
The percentage with an undetermined study country is overstated
MinorTen of 298 publications constitute about 3.4%, or 3% rounded to a whole percent, rather than 4%.
Reported 4 · recomputed 3.355705
“In 10 (4%) of the 298 publications it was not possible to determine the country where the study was carried out”
Parent-education design percentage is misrounded
MinorIn Table 3, 3 of 46 parent-education publications are classified as "Other," which is 6.5% to one decimal place, not 6.4%.
Reported 6.4 · recomputed 6.521739
“| Other | 3.1 (9) | 0.0 | 6.4 (3) | 2.7 (2) |”
The French abstract names only three of its stated four promising interventions
MinorThe French abstract says four intervention types are promising but lists only three; the English abstract includes multi-component interventions as the fourth.
“Quatre sur sept de ces interventions -visites à domicile, éducation des parents, prévention des traumatismes crânien dus à la maltraitance -semblent prometteuses pour prévenir la maltraitance proprement dite.”
“Four of the seven -home-visiting, parent education, abusive head trauma prevention and multi-component interventions -show promise in preventing actual child maltreatment.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mikton, C., & Butchart, A.
- Affiliations
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Mikton, Christopher
- Venue
- Bulletin of the World Health Organization
- Publisher
- WHO Press
- Published
- 2009-05-01
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 353-361
- ISSN
- 0042-9686 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2678770
- OpenAlex
- W2157032433
- Semantic Scholar
- 491155daaf34cbbde3de3128f8d181ad1672e1bf
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Bulletin of the World Health Organization (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child Abuse and Related Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- child abuse prevention, home visiting, parent education, child sexual abuse prevention, multicomponent intervention, media-based interventions, low- and middle-income countries, quality of evidence, outcome measurement
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Abuse, Humans, Review Literature as Topic, Databases, Bibliographic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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