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The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es)
Open accessAbstract
In this article, I intend to survey the reception of versions of the Old Testament in the Orthodox churches, focusing on the Greek, Russian and Romanian Church, respectively. While Western biblical scholars gave precedence to the Hebrew text over the Septuagint, in the Orthodox world one can see a tension in the relationship between the two textual witnesses and sometimes, even recently, there are voices which tend to give the Septuagint total authority in the Church. Orthodox scholars in the field of Old Testament studies usually resort to the Hebrew text, but especially scholars from outside this field tend to promote the Septuagint as the Old Testament of the Orthodox Church. I shall use the argument of authority, which is improper for scientific argumentation, but it suits my research, as I try to understand the confessional positions held within Eastern Orthodoxy. Consequently, if a certain saint, acknowledged as such by a national Orthodox Church or by the entire Eastern Orthodox communion, embraces a particular view on this subject, this bears significantly on the issue.
Overview
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TL;DR
The article surveys how Orthodox churches—especially Greek, Russian, and Romanian—have received the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, showing a persistent tension rather than a single official position. It argues that Orthodox churches have never canonized one biblical text or manuscript, even while the Septuagint retains special liturgical and traditional authority.
Key findings
- Orthodox Bible editions lack a Catholic-style “typical edition”: the Greek Apostoliki Diakonia Septuagint (1997) has local church endorsement, not a synodal canonization, and it follows Codex Vaticanus rather than the Codex Alexandrinus used in the 1821 Moscow Bible.
- National Synodal Bibles often compromise: the Russian Synodal Bible (1876) follows mainly the Hebrew Text but with Septuagint influences (e.g., “virgin” in Isa. 7:14), with about two-thirds of the Hebrew text translated by Hebrew scholar Daniil Khvolson; the Romanian Synodal Bible 2015 is a revised reprint of the 1936 edition combining Hebrew and Septuagint.
- On New Testament use of the Old Testament, the paper reports that from about 312 cases, 50 quotations follow the peculiar wording of the Septuagint (only 22 being completely different), while 33 follow the Masoretic Text or proto-Theodotion.
- Liturgical and patristic evidence is mixed: in the Prophetologium comparison of Judges 6, agreements with Codex Alexandrinus (28) slightly outnumber those with Codex Vaticanus (18), and the Peshitta—used by St. Ephrem and St. Isaac—was based on a proto-Masoretic-type Vorlage rather than the Septuagint.
Methods
- Historical and reception survey of Orthodox positions on the Septuagint and Masoretic Text, focused on the Greek, Russian, and Romanian Churches.
- Analysis of modern Orthodox Bible editions, synodal translations, prefaces, and ecclesiastical endorsements, supplemented by patristic and canonical sources.
- Case studies include New Testament quotations of the Old Testament, St. Justin Martyr, Origen’s Hexapla, Jerome–Augustine correspondence, the Peshitta, and a textual comparison of Judges 6 in the Prophetologium.
Limitations
- The author explicitly says he uses “the argument of authority,” which he calls improper for scientific argumentation, and concludes that studying the evidence felt like “walking on quicksand.”
- The paper limits its survey to the Greek, Russian, and Romanian Churches, though it says their geographical extension is overwhelming in contemporary Orthodoxy.
- Evident from the text: the textual comparisons are illustrative rather than exhaustive, and the argument relies heavily on selected ecclesiastical authorities and confessional positions.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Sources not found · 36 No basis given · 23 Own interpretation · 4 Not checked yet · 4 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While Western biblical scholars gave precedence to the Hebrew text over the Septuagint, in the Orthodox world one can see a tension in the relationship between the two textual witnesses and sometimes, even recently, there are voices which tend to give the Septuagint total authority in the Church.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Abstract
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In the paper
“The only adjustment to the Hebrew Text was the spelling of anthroponyms and toponyms.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > He also
What the sources say
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditionally, the Russian Church draws its lections for the liturgical services from the Slavonic Bible based on the Septuagint”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1997 another event marked the biblical history of the Greek Orthodox Church: the first edition of the Bible in Modern Greek approved by the Greek Orthodox Church.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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In the paper
“With the help of St. Philaret (Drozdov), Metropolitan of Moscow, the Russian Synodal Bible followed mainly the Hebrew Text, but with numerous influences from the Septuagint, especially in the passages which are important in establishing certain dogmas”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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In the paper
“Instead they had the approval (the blessing) of the Church for local issuances and under specific circumstances.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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In the paper
“until 1936, Romanian Orthodox Bibles followed the Septuagint, as, for example, the Synodal Bible of 1914, but in 1936 the second Synodal Bible conformed to the Masoretic Text.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > He also
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In the paper
“As seen from the above table, the text of the Prophetologium doesn't follow any manuscript and thus it is an eclectic text.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The Prophetologium
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In the paper
“The cases of agreement between Prophetologium and Codex Alexandrinus (28) were slightly more numerous than the cases of agreement with the Codex Vaticanus (18).”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The Prophetologium
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In the paper
“This actually happened in the Romanian Septuagint translation under the auspices of New Europe College: the translator ren- dered it”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > References
What the sources say
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In the paper
“From about 312 cases, most of them being identical or similar in both textual witnesses, 50 New Testament quotations follow the peculiar wording of the Septuagint (actually only 22 of them being completely different), while 33 quotations follow the wording of the Masoretic Text (or/and Proto-Theodotion).”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > New Testament quotations of the Old Testament
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In the paper
“The Modern Greek translation of 1997foot_4 was not published by the Greek Church, but by the Greek Bible Society, with the letter of recommendation from the Church”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Orthodox scholars in the field of Old Testament studies usually resort to the Hebrew text, but especially scholars from outside this field tend to promote the Septuagint as the Old Testament of the Orthodox Church.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Orthodox scholars in the field of Old Testament studies usually resort to the Hebrew text, but especially scholars from outside this field tend to promote the Septuagint as the Old Testament of the Orthodox Church.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the Moscow Bible of 1821 that contained the Codex Alexandrinus, the edition published by Apostoliki Diakonia opted for the Codex Vaticanus, a solution inherited from the previous Zoi editions”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, the first Old Testament edition sponsored by the Church dates from 1997, with multiple reprints.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Current Bible editions in the Orthodox Churches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“combines the Hebrew Text and the Septuagint, much like the Russian translation does.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
What the sources say
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“until 1936, Romanian Orthodox Bibles followed the Septuagint, as, for example, the Synodal Bible of 1914, but in 1936 the second Synodal Bible conformed to the Masoretic Text.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > He also
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But it is important to notice that the Greek Church published only the Septuagint and never a translation in Modern Greek.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Current Bible editions in the Orthodox Churches
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It is interesting to note that the text of the Septuagint was taken from Grabbe's polyglot, which follows the Codex Alexandrinus.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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In the paper
“The first Old Testament in Greek published by an Orthodox church dates from 1821 and was printed by the Moscow Patriarchate.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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In the paper
“I tried to crosscheck the coherence of Orthodox positions and discovered that although the Bible is conceived of as a source of divine revelation, the Orthodox Churches do not have a consistent approach toward the text of the Old Testament.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Conclusions
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In the paper
“There is no reason to assume that Matthew or Paul themselves produced these literal translations, because the agreement between the quotations and known revisions such as kaige-Theodotion are too obvious”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > New Testament quotations of the Old Testament
What the sources say
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In the paper
“His translation is meant to be a return to tradition.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > He also
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In the paper
“Recent studies have shown that New Testament quotations which differ from the Septuagint are not actually drawn from the proto-Masoretic text, but from Greek revisions of the Septuagint according to the proto-Masoretic text, especially the kaige-Theodotion (or proto-Theodotion) revision.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > New Testament quotations of the Old Testament
What the sources say
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In the paper
“The Greek Orthodox Church promotes the Septuagint, switching from the Codex Alexandrinus to the Vaticanus, without explicitly canonizing a particular manuscript tradition.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Church of Greece and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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In the paper
“According to Origen, the Jews suppressed some inconvenient passages from the Scripture and the ultimate criterion for the canonicity of a biblical book is not the synagogue, but the Church.36”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Origen and the ecclesiastical text(s) of the Old Testament
What the sources say
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In the paper
“To put it simply, St. Justin Martyr used mostly the Septuagint, but he didn't reject the Hebrew version, except in a few cases where he believed that the rabbis had deliberately excised the Christian Messianic meaning.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Justin Martyr's view on the Hebrew Text
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In the paper
“However, they did turn to the other translations (Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion) based on the proto-Masoretic text.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Origen and the ecclesiastical text(s) of the Old Testament
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In the paper
“But he is canonized in the Greek Orthodox calendar (with feast day on June 15, together with St. Augustine) and his liturgical celebration was composed by a certain Niphon the Hagiorite and published in Athens in 1925.49”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Jerome's controversy with St. Augustine over the Vulgate
What the sources say
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In the paper
“For example, the early Church preferred the translation of Theodotion to the Septuagint for the book of prophet Daniel.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Origen and the ecclesiastical text(s) of the Old Testament
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In the paper
“This approach led him sometimes to insert by mistake the same text twice, as in Job 18.9.39”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Origen and the ecclesiastical text(s) of the Old Testament
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
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plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For him the Hebrew text became the standard in all cases where there was a difference between the textual witnesses.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Jerome's controversy with St. Augustine over the Vulgate
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: St. Jerome converted to the Hebraica veritas only after dealing first with the Greek version and gaining first-hand experience about the inadequacy of the undertaking.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This means that the Septuagint is not the only Old Testament text quoted in the New Testament (sola Septuaginta) and that the influence of the proto-Masoretic text is not extensive but remains significant.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > New Testament quotations of the Old Testament
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He exaggerates about the rabbinical distortion of the text, but we can explain this as a polemical strategy.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Justin Martyr's view on the Hebrew Text
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Old Testament quoted in the New Testament is mainly the Septuagint and in some particular cases translations based upon proto-Masoretic text, such as proto-Theodotion.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > New Testament quotations of the Old Testament
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“He became convinced that the Apostles and the Evangelists drew their quotations from the Hebrew text.46”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Jerome's controversy with St. Augustine over the Vulgate
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [46]
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Bethlehem he translated the Old Testament from the Septuagint between 386 and 389, but then he began afresh again, working from the Hebrew text, between 390 and 405.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Jerome's controversy with St. Augustine over the Vulgate
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to Jerome, he overestimates the Septuagint and the experience of its translators:”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Jerome's controversy with St. Augustine over the Vulgate
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“St. Justin gave some examples of passages allegedly omitted by the Jewish teachers: the law of the Passover from Esdras (quoted also by Eusebius and Lactantius, probably a Jewish-Christian midrash to the canonical book of Ezra), a reference to the sacrificial lamb in Jeremiah 11”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Justin Martyr's view on the Hebrew Text
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The revisions were removed from the Elisabeth Bible (1751) 56 , the current Slavonic edition used in the Russian Church.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The 19 th century in the Orthodox Churches
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A recent study by Weitzman demonstrated convincingly that the Masoretic Text and Peshitta have in fact a common textual ancestor and that Peshitta, although much closer to the Masoretic Text and not to Septuagint, differs in some cases from the Masoretic Text.51”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Peshitta
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Brock considers that the translation of the Old Testament was made after the proto-Masoretic text (including the book of Jesus ben Sira) 50 and only the books specific to the Septuagint were translated from Greek.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Peshitta
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Basically, it is the Septuagint, but for the book of Daniel, the readings are taken from the recension of Theodotion, as St. Jerome had already observed in the 4 th century.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The Prophetologium
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Besides, in Byzantium there was a specific Jewish community of the so-called Romaniotes 54 , which even adopted the Greek language in religious services.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The 19 th century in the Orthodox Churches
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The manuscripts dated from the 9 th to 16 th centuries, with the peak in the 11 th -13 th centuries, but then the Prophetologium dissipated into other liturgical books (Menaia, Triodion and Pentecostarion).”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The Prophetologium
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Peshitta is held in high regard for being very close to the Hebrew text and trustworthy, as is the Vulgate, St. Jerome's work, although it is not without errors.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite and the Pedalion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Remarkably, in 1791, before being printed, this canonical compilation received the endorsement of the patriarchal synod of Constantinople.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite and the Pedalion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the Judaizers were harshly persecuted, being burnt at the stake in the years 1504-1505, their corrections made to the Slavonic text of the Old Testament, especially to the Pentateuch, were later integrated into the Ostrog Bible (1581), the first complete Scripture printed anywhere in the Orthodox milieu, and subsequently even into the Moscow Slavonic Bible (1663).”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The 19 th century in the Orthodox Churches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Targums, the Aramaic paraphrases of the Hebrew text, seem to be more valued than the Hebrew text itself, which is not mentioned among the Scripture textual witnesses, although it remains as the source indicated for all the versions presented.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite and the Pedalion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first contacts with the Masoretic Text occurred in Russia, initially in heretical circles.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The 19 th century in the Orthodox Churches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Prophetologium appeared in Constantinople, in the context of liturgical reform around Stoudios Monastery, in the 8 th -9 th centuries.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The Prophetologium
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Pedalion is a canonical collection compiled and interpreted by St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite (1749-1809).”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite and the Pedalion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1809 St. Nicodemus died, but the Pedalion went through multiple editions: 1841 (second edition), 1886 (fourth edition), 1908 (fifth edition).”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite and the Pedalion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By the end of the 15 th century, Judaizers appeared in the Novgorod area and then spread to Moscow, boasting among their leading figures the Moscow-born scribe Ivan Cherny.55”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The 19 th century in the Orthodox Churches
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After 1000 A.D., the Orthodox Church and the Synagogue existed as two relatively isolated communities, because that was required in the Byzantine Empire on the part of non-Orthodox or non-Christian communities (Jews, Armenians, Arabs).”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The 19 th century in the Orthodox Churches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because at that time Greece was under Turkish occupation and church books could not be published, it was printed in Leipzig, in 1800.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite and the Pedalion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Against this background, Oikonomos' monograph might be regarded as an erudite reaction to the spreading of a Bible translation based on the Masoretic Text.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite and the Pedalion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sebastian Brock estimates for the translation of the Old Testament the period between the end of the 1 st century and the beginning of the 3 rd century A.D. (generally the 2 nd century), although the oldest preserved manuscript dates from the 5 th and 6 th centuries A.D.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Peshitta
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [50]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The important fact for the present discussion is that Peshitta was the Bible used by St. Ephrem the Syrian (306-373) and by St. Isaac the Syrian (c.613 -c.700), the future bishop of Nineveh in the Nestorian Assyrian Church of the East who was canonized as saint in the Greek Orthodox Church.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Peshitta
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the Judaizers were harshly persecuted, being burnt at the stake in the years 1504-1505, their corrections made to the Slavonic text of the Old Testament, especially to the Pentateuch, were later integrated into the Ostrog Bible (1581), the first complete Scripture printed anywhere in the Orthodox milieu, and subsequently even into the Moscow Slavonic Bible (1663).”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The 19 th century in the Orthodox Churches
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was also a Syriac translation of the Septuagint (the Syro-Hexapla), but this happened later, between 614-616 A.D., being made by a certain Paul of Tella in Alexandria of Egypt, but whose circulation was limited.52”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Peshitta
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the medieval West, in the East with few exceptions there were no anti-Jewish persecutions.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > The 19 th century in the Orthodox Churches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Vamvas' translation, commissioned by the British and Foreign Bible Society, 60 which required that the Hebrew text be used as Vorlage, was completed in 1851.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“He brings some examples, found for example in St. Justin Martyr (Dialogue with Trypho), to prove that there are irreconcilable differences between the Septuagint and the Hebrew text.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite and the Pedalion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece condemned it repeatedly when it was still a work in progress”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Synodal Bible represents neither the Hebrew text, nor the Septuagint, but a combination of the two (сочетанія той и другой).”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > References
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Thirdly, it was the text of the Greek Bible that was used in the works of the Greek Fathers of the Church, and in the liturgical texts of the Orthodox Church.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oikonomos' eulogy extolling the virtues of the Septuagint and his opposition to Bible translations into Modern Greek exerted an enormous influence in Greece, during the following century.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite and the Pedalion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conservative approach specific to the periphery could also explain why monastic circles are wholly devoted to the Septuagint and disregard the Hebrew Text, which grew up in a separate community, perceived as hostile.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The periphery tends to be more conservative than the center.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The approach toward the Hebrew Text is also inconsistent: it is allowed in ecclesiastical and academic use and even has its dogmatic importance, but on the opposite side, it is not worthy to be mentioned as a textual witness, due to its alleged corruption by the Jews.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The argument of authority turned out to be not much help, because different ecclesiastic authorities (saints, holy synods) gave different answers, sometimes opposing each other, but at the same time meant to represent the Orthodox tradition.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Holy Synod of the Russian Church accepted St. Philaret's view about the Bible translation from the original texts.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Masoretic text was, however, openly and officially accepted as a source in the synodal Russian translation.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There are discrepancies between quotes from the Scriptures of the Fathers; between the Bible adopted in the Greek Church and the Church Slavonic Bible; between Church Slavonic texts of the Bible and recommended for home reading by the Russian Synodal translation.”
§ The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es) * > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The Masoretic Text is a late text, with the oldest manuscripts dating from the end of the 9th century and especially the 10th.
“It is a late text, the oldest manuscripts dating from the end of the 9 th century and especially from the 10 th .”
The paper relies on this without support.
The geographical extension of the Greek, Russian and Romanian Churches is overwhelming in contemporary Orthodoxy.
“Nevertheless, their geographical extension is actually overwhelming in contemporary Orthodoxy.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The argument of authority is suitable for understanding confessional positions within Eastern Orthodoxy.
“I shall use the argument of authority, which is improper for scientific argumentation, but it suits my research, as I try to understand the confessional positions held within Eastern Orthodoxy.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
If a saint acknowledged by a national Orthodox Church or by the entire Eastern Orthodox communion embraces a particular view on this subject, this bears significantly on the issue.
“Consequently, if a certain saint, acknowledged as such by a national Orthodox Church or by the entire Eastern Orthodox communion, embraces a particular view on this subject, this bears significantly on the issue.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The oldest completely preserved Masoretic manuscript is the Sankt Petersburg manuscript dating from 1009/1008.
“but the oldest completely preserved manuscript is that of Sankt Petersburg dating from 1009/1008”
The authors state this as an assumption.
St. Jerome converted to the Hebraica veritas only after dealing first with the Greek version and gaining first-hand experience about the inadequacy of the undertaking.
“It is safe to assume that he converted to the Hebraica veritas only after dealing first with the Greek version and gaining first-hand experience about the inadequacy of the undertaking.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The periphery tends to be more conservative than the center.
“As is often the case, the periphery tends to be more conservative than the center.”
Citations
Cites
The Septuagint and Modern Study
O’Connell, K. G., & Jellicoe, S. (1969) · Journal of Biblical Literature · doi:10.2307/3262897 · Cited by 170
Matthew's Bible: The Old Testament Text of the Evangelist
Menken, M. J. J. (2004) · Research portal (Tilburg University) · Cited by 45
The Old Testament in Eastern Orthodox Tradition
Pentiuc, E. J. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331226.001.0001 · Cited by 31
The Asterisked Materials in the Greek Job
Tov, E., & Gentry, P. J. (1998) · Journal of the American Oriental Society · doi:10.2307/604819 · Cited by 15
Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint : collected essays
Tov, E. (2015) · BRILL eBooks · Cited by 6
Die Septuaginta als Bibel der Kirche? Beobachtungen aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart
Markschies, C. (2013) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110285222.135 · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Claude E. Cox, "Job: To the Reader", in: Albert Pietersma, Benjamin G. Wright (eds.), A New English Translation of the Septuagint and the Other Greek Translations Traditionally Included under That Title, New York -Oxford, Oxford University Press 2007, p. 668-669.
- Michael P. Weitzman, The Syriac Version of the Old Testament: An Introduction, Cam- bridge, Cambridge University Press 2005, p.
- Stephen Batalden, "The BFBS Petersburg Agency and Russian Biblical Translation, 1856-1875", in: Stephen Batalden et al. (eds.), Sowing the Word: The Cultural Impact of the British and Foreign Bible Society 1804-2004, Sheffield, Sheffield Phoenix Press 2004, p. 169- 196 (here p. 177-178).
- C. Bădiliță et al. (ed.), Septuaginta, volume II: Iisus Nave, Judecători, Ruth, 1-4 Regi, Iaşi, Colegiul Noua Europă -Polirom 2004, p. 138.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Teologi Sion dalam Obaja 1:16-21Preprint
Prabowo, P. D. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/3aqnp · Cited by 2
Reading the New Testament in the Manifold Contexts of a Globalized World
Becker, E.-M. 1., Herzer, J. 1., Standhartinger, A., et al. (2022) · A. Francke Verlag eBooks · doi:10.24053/9783772057656 · Cited by 1
Text-Critical Issues Between the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint Text of the Book of Jeremiah
Oyekan, F. E., & BELLO, O. S. (2024) · International Journal of Religion · doi:10.61707/xzet1v58
Metadata
- Authors
- Mihăilă, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Bucharest (RO)
- Corresponding author
- Mihăilă, Alexandru
- Venue
- Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2018-04-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-60
- ISSN
- 2065-5940 (ISSN-L)
- 2359-8107
- OpenAlex
- W2800786197
- Semantic Scholar
- 4eedeb05362e88310bf09199e2c703ec9ae62c3d
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Review of Ecumenical Studies (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Historical and Linguistic Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Byzantine Studies and History
- Keywords
- Septuagint, Masoretic text, Old Testament, Orthodox Church, Orthodox Christianity, biblical authority, Greek Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, Romanian Orthodox Church, Hebrew text
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