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In vitro and in vivo antitumour effects of coconut water vinegar on 4T1 breast cancer cells
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Coconut water and vinegars have been reported to possess potential anti-tumour and immunostimulatory effects. However, the anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects of coconut water vinegar have yet to be tested. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumour effects of coconut water vinegar on 4T1 breast cancer cells. METHODS: The 4T1 cells were treated with freeze-dried coconut water vinegar and subjected to MTT cell viability, BrdU, annexin V/PI apoptosis, cell cycle and wound healing assays for the in vitro analysis. For the in vivo chemopreventive evaluation, mice challenged with 4T1 cells were treated with 0.08or 2.00 mL/kg body weight of fresh coconut water vinegar for 28 days. Tumour weight, apoptosis of tumour cells, metastasis and immunity of untreated mice and coconut water vinegar-treated 4T1 challenged mice were compared. RESULTS: Freeze-dried coconut water vinegar reduced the cell viability, induced apoptosis and delayed the wound healing effect of 4T1 cells in vitro. In vivo, coconut water vinegar delayed 4T1 breast cancer progression in mice by inducing apoptosis and delaying the metastasis. Furthermore, coconut water vinegar also promoted immune cell cytotoxicity and production of anticancer cytokines. The results indicate that coconut water vinegar delays breast cancer progression by inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells, suppressing metastasis and activating anti-tumour immunity. CONCLUSION: Coconut water vinegar is a potential health food ingredient with a chemopreventive effect.
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Coconut water vinegar exhibits in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects against 4T1 breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and delaying metastasis, while promoting antitumor immunity.
“Additionally, coconut water vinegar exhibits in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects against 4T1 breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and delaying metastasis, while promoting antitumor immunity [139].”
From Nutritional composition and bioactive properties of tropical coconut palm fruit with functional food applications (2025) · cites this paper as [139]
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“Additionally, coco-nut water vinegar exhibits in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects against 4T1 breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and delaying metastasis, while promoting antitumor immunity [139].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Mohamad, N. E., Yeap, S. K., Abu, N., Lim, K. L., Zamberi, N. R., Nordin, N., Sharifuddin, S. A., Long, K., & Alitheen, N. B.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Sungai Long Campus (MY)
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Alitheen, Noorjahan Banu
- ORCID
- Venue
- Food & Nutrition Research
- Publisher
- SNF Swedish Nutrition Foundation
- Published
- 2019-01-10
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 0
- ISSN
- 1654-661X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6387426
- OpenAlex
- W2910863937
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Food & Nutrition Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Institut Penyelidikan dan Kemajuan Pertanian Malaysia
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Coconut Research and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cancer and biochemical research
- Keywords
- breast cancer, 4T1 cells, chemoprevention, apoptosis, metastasis, antitumor immunity, wound healing, cell viability, natural food ingredients
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