The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What Can Be Done About School Shootings?: A Review of the Evidence
Abstract
School shootings have generated great public concern and fostered a widespread impression that schools are unsafe for many students; this article counters those misapprehensions by examining empirical evidence of school and community violence trends and reviewing evidence on best practices for preventing school shootings. Many of the school safety and security measures deployed in response to school shootings have little research support, and strategies such as zero-tolerance discipline and student profiling have been widely criticized as unsound practices. Threat assessment is identified as a promising strategy for violence prevention that merits further study. The article concludes with an overview of the need for schools to develop crisis response plans to prepare for and mitigate such rare events.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Often, the earliest signs of a potential school shooting are psychological and behavioral indicators exhibited by potential shooters (Borum et al., 2010).”
From An ounce of prevention: identifying factors associated with whether a school shooting was averted or carried out (2026) · cites this paper as Borum et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Achievement Gap and the Discipline Gap: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Gregory, A., Skiba, R. J., & Noguera, P. A. (2010) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x09357621 · Cited by 1,395
Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools?: An evidentiary review and recommendations
American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.852 · Cited by 806 · cited 4×
“Legal context of school violence: The effectiveness of federal, state, and local law enforcement efforts to reduce gun violence in schools. Law and Policy, 23, 297–343. Saad, L. (1999, April 23). Public views Littleton tragedy as sign of deeper problems in country. Retrieved April 2, 2005, from http://www.gallup. com/…”
Influential
Research works printed but not linked: 55
- Anderson R. N., 2001, National Vital Statistics Reports, 49, 1
- Band S. R., 1999, FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin, 68, 9
- 10.1177/1541204006296171 · DOI
- Brock S. E., 2009, School crisis prevention and intervention: The PREPaRE model
- Brooks K., 2000, School house hype: Two years later
- Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006, Criminal victimization in the United States, 2005—Statistical tables (No. NCJ 215244)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008, MMWR Weekly, 57, 33
- Cooper K. J., 2000, Washington Post, A11
- 10.1108/09578230310504670 · DOI
- Cornell D., 2006, School violence: Fears versus facts
- Cornell D., 2006, Guidelines for responding to student threats of violence
- 10.1037/a0016182 · DOI
- 10.1080/02796015.2004.12086266 · DOI
- Dinkes R., 2007, Indicators of school crime and safety: 2007 (NCES 2008–021/NCJ 219553)
- Dwyer K., 2000, Safeguarding our children: An action guide
- Dwyer K., 1998, Early warning, timely response: A guide to safe schools
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1994, Uniform crime reports: Crime in the United States
- Fein R., 2002, Threat assessment in schools: A guide to managing threatening situations and to creating safe school climates
- 10.1002/pits.1005 · DOI
- 10.1300/J202v03n02_07 · DOI
- Gill M., 2005, Assessing the impact of CCTV
- 10.1080/00131720308984553 · DOI
- 10.1007/s12207-009-9040-9 · DOI
- 10.1177/000271620056700102 · DOI
- Insley A. C., 2001, American University Law Review, 50, 1039
- International Association of Chiefs of Police, 1999, Guidelines for preventing and responding to school violence
- Langman P., 2009, Why kids kill: Inside the minds of school shooters
- 10.1002/ab.10061 · DOI
- 10.17161/foec.v40i1.6863 · DOI
- McGee J., 1999, Forensic Examiner, 8, 16
- 10.1097/00004583-200106000-00018 · DOI
- Minino A. M., 2006, National Vital Statistics Reports, 54, 1
- Modzeleski W., 2008, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57, 33
- Moore M., 2003, Deadly lessons: Understanding lethal school violence
- Morse J., 2000, Time, 50
- O’Toole M. E., 2000, The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective
- Priks M. (2008, April). Do surveillance cameras affect unruly behavior? A close look at grandstands (CESifo Working Paper Series No. 2289). Available at SSRN:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1126633 · DOI
- Randazzo M. R., 2006, Handbook of school violence and school safety: From research to practice, 147
- 10.1111/1467-9930.00115 · DOI
- Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Advisory Committee, 2007, Enhancing achievement and proficiency through safe and drug-free schools
- School Health Policy and Programs Study, 2007, Journal of School Health, 77, 385, 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00226.x · DOI
- 10.1207/S15326918CS0303_2 · DOI
- Snell L., 2005, School violence and No Child Left Behind: Best practices to keep kids safe (Policy Study No. 330)
- 10.1177/019874290803400104 · DOI
- 10.1177/1524839905278454 · DOI
- U.S. Department of Education, 2004, Unsafe school choice option: Non-regulatory guidance
- Van Dyke R., 2004, Appraisal and prediction of school violence: Methods, issues, and contexts, 37
- Van Dyke R., 2006, The handbook of school violence and school safety, 603
- 10.1177/0013916507309996 · DOI
- Vossekuil B., 2002, The final report and findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States
- Welsh B., 2002, Crime prevention effects of closed circuit television: A systematic review
- 10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140184 · DOI
- 2000, CQ Researcher, 10, 1
- 10.1300/J202v05n04_04 · DOI
- 10.1093/oso/9780195110654.001.0001 · DOI
Cited by
How school leadership influences student learning: A test of “The four paths model”
Leithwood, K., Sun, J., & Schumacker, R. (2020) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x19878772 · Cited by 329
Cornell, D. G., Allen, K., & Fan, X. (2012) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2012.12087378 · Cited by 106
Self-citationChildren and Violence: Nurturing Social-Emotional Development to Promote Mental Health
Malti, T. (2020) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/sop2.8 · Cited by 55
Kapadia, K., Byrd, K., & John, R. S. (2026) · Data & Policy · doi:10.1017/dap.2026.10084
Metadata
- Authors
- Borum, R., Cornell, D. G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S. R.
- Venue
- Educational Researcher
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-37
- ISSN
- 0013-189X
- 1935-102X
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: What Can Be Done About School Shootings?: A Review of the Evidence. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3102/0013189x09357620
- The paper
- Borum, R., Cornell, D. G., Modzeleski, W., & Jimerson, S. R. (2010). What Can Be Done About School Shootings?: A Review of the Evidence. Educational Researcher. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x09357620
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.