Cited by 756Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesTreatment of Major DepressionSex and Gender in Healthcare

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Gender differences in depression

Parker, Gordon, Brotchie, Heather·2010·International Review of Psychiatry

DOI 10.3109/09540261.2010.492391

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Abstract

It is commonly suggested that a female preponderance in depression is universal and substantial. This review considers that proposition and explanatory factors. The view that depression rates are universally higher in women is challenged with exceptions to the proposition helping clarify candidate explanations. 'Real' and artefactual explanations for any such phenomenon are considered, and the contribution of sex role changes, social factors and biological determinants are overviewed. While artefactual factors make some contribution, it is concluded that there is a higher order biological factor (variably determined neuroticism, 'stress responsiveness' or 'limbic system hyperactivity') that principally contributes to the gender differentiation in some expressions of both depression and anxiety, and reflects the impact of gonadal steroid changes at puberty. Rather than conclude that 'anatomy is destiny' we favour a diathesis stress model, so accounting for differential epidemiological findings. Finally, the impact of gender on response to differing antidepressant therapies is considered briefly.

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Authors: Parker, G., & Brotchie, H.
Affiliations: Black Dog Institute (AU)
Corresponding author: Parker, Gordon
ORCID: Parker, Gordon
Venue: International Review of Psychiatry
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-10
Volume: 22
Issue: 5
Pages: 429-436
ISSN: 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
1369-1627
DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2010.492391
OpenAlex: W2106413222
Cited by: 756
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 44 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 2.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Keywords: gender differences in depression, sex differences in depression, neuroticism, stress responsiveness, sex steroids, puberty, diathesis-stress model, anxiety, antidepressant response
MeSH terms: Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Limbic System, Male, Men, Puberty, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Stress, Psychological, Women, Treatment Outcome

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