The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 37 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Decision making in head injury management in the Edwin Smith Papyrus
Open accessAbstract
The Edwin Smith papyrus (circa 1650-1550 BC) is a didactic trauma treatise of major interest to neurosurgery, as it deals primarily with cranial and spine injuries. Information regarding the patient's condition is conveyed in the papyrus with sufficient clarity to allow a clinical assessment of each injury.
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Claims the paper makes
32 Own result · 30 Own interpretation · 21 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Information regarding the patient's condition is conveyed in the papyrus with sufficient clarity to allow a clinical assessment of each injury.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Factors identified as determinant for the third verdict in head injuries are depressed skull fragments, dura laceration with exposed brain, infected cranial wounds/tetanus, major craniofacial fractures, deep skullpenetrating stab wounds, and aphasia.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Case 19, the injury has produced meningismus and there is evidence of unilateral eye involvement as the outstanding symptoms.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 19 and 20
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No treatment of any kind is implemented.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patients represented in Cases 19 and 20 had penetrating injuries to the zygomatic-temporal area.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 19 and 20
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With that development, the prognosis changes from Verdict 2 to 3.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Egyptian physician clearly attributes this complication as originating from the head wound”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Definitions and Terminology.
boostedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In du Trevon 13 and van Dellen's 32 cases, 44 of 250 patients had temporal penetrating stab wounds.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 19 and 20
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. du Trevon MD, van Dellen JR: Penetrating stab wounds to the brain: the timing of angiography in patients presenting with the weapon already removed. Neurosurgery 13:905-912, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32] 32. van Dellen JR, Lipschitz R: Stab wounds of the skull. Surg Neurol 10:110-112, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 250- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Remarkably, the physician concludes that neck rigidity is a consequence of the head trauma.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
boostedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Such an injury is obvious over the right zygomatic-maxillary area in the mummy of the 17th Dynasty King Seqenenre Tao, who died in battle, circa 1574 BC. 4,25”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4] 4. Bietak M, Strouhal E: Die Todesumstände des Pharaos Seqen- enre (17. Dynastie). Ann Naturhistor Mus Wien 78:45-50, 1974
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [25] 25. Nunn JF: Ancient Egyptian Medicine. London: British Mu- seum Press, 1996, pp 171-202
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the presence of an active nosebleed in a temporal area-penetrating wound suggests that the weapon reached the nasal/ ethmoid complex.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 19 and 20
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Bleeding is present from the nose and ears, suggesting to us the presence of basilar skull fractures.22”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] 22. Leetsma JE: Forensic Neuropathology. New York: Raven Press, 1988, pp 191
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since this is a perforating wound to the forehead, it is likely that the bleeding can be attributed to a deep penetrating sharp object.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Considering the severity of the head injury, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage would be the likely source of this rigidity.12”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] 12. Corville CB: Injuries to the skull and brain in ancient Egypt. Some notes on the mechanism, nature, and effects of cranial in- juries from predynastic times to the end of the Ptolemaic peri- od. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 14:53-82, 1949
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the injuries presented in the papyrus for a specific anatomical area are presented in order of increasing severity, it is possible to understand the factors that guided the ancient Egyptian physicians to reach a verdict in cases that otherwise appear to be of similar gravity.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The papyrus cases are ordered by increasing severity within each anatomical region.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This implies a tangential blow to the head by a sharp, heavy, broad-bladed weapon, such as the broad axe (Fig. 2). 8,,12”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. Breasted JH: The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. Facsimile and Hieroglyphic Transliteration with Translation and Commentary, in Two Volumes. Chicago: University of Chi- cago Press, 1930
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12] 12. Corville CB: Injuries to the skull and brain in ancient Egypt. Some notes on the mechanism, nature, and effects of cranial in- juries from predynastic times to the end of the Ptolemaic peri- od. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 14:53-82, 1949
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mechanism of injury in Case 5 implies a higher degree of direct brain injury with indriven bone fragments.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 4, 5, and 6
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A clinical review of severe head injury cases in the Edwin Smith Papyrus indicates that the clinical signs considered important by the physicians in ancient Egypt in their diagnostic and treatability determinations remain important in our present-day assessments of cranial and spinal trauma.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Conclusions
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mechanism of injury in Case 5 implies a direct, shattering blow that drove bony fragments into the cranium.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
hedgedstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Their overall mortality was 26%.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 19 and 20
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. du Trevon MD, van Dellen JR: Penetrating stab wounds to the brain: the timing of angiography in patients presenting with the weapon already removed. Neurosurgery 13:905-912, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32] 32. van Dellen JR, Lipschitz R: Stab wounds of the skull. Surg Neurol 10:110-112, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 250- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In Case 4, the wound characteristics indicate that a pšn is a compound fracture in which large bone plate disruption has occurred, with pieces displaced and elevated.17,22,26,27”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] 17. Gurdjian ES: Impact Head Injury. Springfield Il: Charles C. Thomas, 1975, pp 135
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22] 22. Leetsma JE: Forensic Neuropathology. New York: Raven Press, 1988, pp 191
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [26] 26. Ralston BL: Compound elevated fractures of the skull. J Neu- rosurg 44:77-79, 1976
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same mechanism and effects are worse yet in Case 6 because of exposed brain and cerebrospinal fluid leakage.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 4, 5, and 6
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 45
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Careful scrutiny of the Hieratic text suggests that this document was written no later than the 17th Dynasty circa 1650-1550 BC, at the end of the Second Intermediate Period.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ancient Egyptian physician/teacher lists the key diagnostic elements in each case, and then pronounces his opinion of the treatment potential in one of three verdicts: 1) “a medical condition I can treat;” 2) “a medical condition I can contend with;” or 3) “a medical condition you will not be able to treat.””
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By revisiting the original Hieratic text, it is now possible to correct and clarify many previously enigmatic terms and phrases.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the ancient physicians were not deterred from contending with injuries in the presence of basilar skull fractures, traumatic meningismus, skull perforation without overt neurological deficit, drowsiness, limited facial fractures, or closed head injuries without depressed fragments.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 48 cases presented in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, there are 14 head injuries, seven cervical injuries, and one lumbar injury, all of interest to the neurosurgeon.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
plainn = 48- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The text also explains that the pulsations of the dura disappear when the fontanelle is closed unless an injury of this nature occurs.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is undoubtedly a significant injury, but Verdict 2 is issued.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At this stage, the patient is treated for his jaw symptoms with local measures.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they do treat with the use of the sitting position and soothing measures.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the physician gives us the unequivocal characteristics of tetanus infection.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three of these cases are severe head injuries accompanied by clinical evidence of basilar skull fractures and meningismus.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 4, 5, and 6
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the patient is alert and follows commands.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The treatment measures are common to all three cases and are implemented in all, despite the differing verdicts.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 4, 5, and 6
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pears to be lethargic but he is able to follow commands.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Topic of Case 7A: Frontal Stab Wound with Compound Skull Fracture Penetrating the Frontal Air Sinus
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patient described also shows signs of meningismus and basilar skull fractures.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He has meningismus and is bleeding from the nose and ears.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the recommended treatment is primarily aimed at the symptomatic jaw muscle contraction.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Topic of Case 7A: Frontal Stab Wound with Compound Skull Fracture Penetrating the Frontal Air Sinus
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Verdict 2 is rendered”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Topic of Case 7A: Frontal Stab Wound with Compound Skull Fracture Penetrating the Frontal Air Sinus
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is also evidence to suggest the presence of basilar skull fractures 22 and meningismus, but, in this case, the patient is assigned Verdict 3: “(This is) a medical condition you will not be able to treat.””
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] 22. Leetsma JE: Forensic Neuropathology. New York: Raven Press, 1988, pp 191
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We are given, in addition, symptoms of pain when opening his mouth, and of contraction of his jaw.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patient also has meningismus, is bleeding profusely from his nose, and is possibly blind.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Case 5 is a “comminuted, depressed skull fracture, in which bone fragments are felt under the examiner's fingers.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Case 6 represents an injury of the highest severity in which there is laceration of the dura, exposing the brain (Fig. 4.)”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The physician's opinion in this case is, understandably, Verdict 3. Still, treatment measures are recommended, two of which are of particular interest for their strong negative commands: “Do not bandage, do not apply dressings, until you know he has passed the crisis.””
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper states — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The physician considers it:”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 19 and 20
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This patient is able to follow commands, although he is drowsy.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a feature the scribe compares to an eye disease of long standing in his phrase”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The structural organization of the text according to regional injuries of increasing severity permits analysis of sequential cases, and makes it possible to determine which clinical features led the ancient Egyptian physician to give the first or second verdict in the less severe injuries, but the third in the worst cases.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The papyrus cases are ordered by increasing severity within each anatomical region.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The third verdict in most cases indicated that the ancient physician was not hopeful concerning the success of treatment (althought it was nonetheless customary to provide sup-portive treatment, close observation, and comfort measures).”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting document is remarkably logical from a contemporary medical viewpoint.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Edwin Smith Papyrus (circa 1650-1550 BC) is a didactic trauma treatise of major interest to neurosurgery, as it deals primarily with cranial and spine injuries.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Great strides have been made in the field of translating ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics in the intervening 80 years since Breasted's translations, with refinements in both grammar and vocabulary.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34] 34. Westendorf W: Papyrus Smith, in Handbuch der Altägyp- stichen Medizin 2 Handbuch der Orientalistik. Leiden: Brill, 1999, pp 713-718, 724-727 Manuscript submitted April 11, 2007. Accepted June 15, 2007.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3] 3. Bardinet T: Les Papyrus Médicaux de L'Egypte Pharao- nique. Paris: Fayard 1995, pp 493-510
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [1] 1. Allen JP: The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press, 2005, pp 70-105
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The entire text stands out as a teaching manual.8,10,29”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. Breasted JH: The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. Facsimile and Hieroglyphic Transliteration with Translation and Commentary, in Two Volumes. Chicago: University of Chi- cago Press, 1930
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10] 10. Burridge AL: A study of the Edwin Smith surgical papyrus. JSSEA 24:9-26, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [29] 29. Robinson J, Donald PJ: Management of associated cranial lesions, in Pitts LH, Wagner FC Jr (eds): Craniospinal Trauma. New York: Thieme, 1990, pp 59-62
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Egyptian clinical experience led the author (or authors) to record features that were important in formulating a verdict, and to note relationships between head or spine injuries and their neurological consequences.8,15,22”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] 8. Breasted JH: The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. Facsimile and Hieroglyphic Transliteration with Translation and Commentary, in Two Volumes. Chicago: University of Chi- cago Press, 1930
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [15] 15. Goodrich JT: History of spine surgery in the ancient and medie- val worlds. Neurosurg Focus 16(1):E2, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22] 22. Leetsma JE: Forensic Neuropathology. New York: Raven Press, 1988, pp 191
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second verdict implies uncertainty about the success of treatment, but asserts a willingness to try to treat the patient anyway.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although our current understanding of a specific trauma sign or injury is much more complete, the factors that were singled out by Egyptian healers as being significant remain important in our modern practices.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stab wound to the temporozygomatic area in Case 19 is accompanied by neck rigidity and some degree of orbital injury.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This symptom could be heralding the full-blown complication that follows.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Topic of Case 7A: Frontal Stab Wound with Compound Skull Fracture Penetrating the Frontal Air Sinus
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“These are low velocity injuries with limited penetration, and only focal tissue damage.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. du Trevon MD, van Dellen JR: Penetrating stab wounds to the brain: the timing of angiography in patients presenting with the weapon already removed. Neurosurgery 13:905-912, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22] 22. Leetsma JE: Forensic Neuropathology. New York: Raven Press, 1988, pp 191
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32] 32. van Dellen JR, Lipschitz R: Stab wounds of the skull. Surg Neurol 10:110-112, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The medical reference for ti3 in ancient Egypt had identical connotations to those of the English term”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Definitions and Terminology.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. Bardinet T: Dents et mâchoires das les représentations relig- ieuses et la pratique médicale de L'Egypte ancienne, in Studia Pohl: Series Maior 15. Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Bib- lico, 1990, pp 169-171
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This type of injury could have been produced by a weapon such as a mace (Fig. 3).”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Group
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Case 7A, a primary head injury, is a frontal stab wound penetrating the air sinus.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The description of the patient's behavior suggests his inability to understand or verbally express himself, and his agitation and frustration are all indicative of aphasia”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
hedgedstates an associationSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Subconjunctival hemorrhage is common in zygomatic fractures”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29] 29. Robinson J, Donald PJ: Management of associated cranial lesions, in Pitts LH, Wagner FC Jr (eds): Craniospinal Trauma. New York: Thieme, 1990, pp 59-62
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Case 20 is of a deeper temporozygomatic stab, classified anciently as”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although limited effective treatments were available, the ancient Egyptian physicians succeeded in establishing a clinical methodology heralding the beginnings of modern medicine.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Conclusions
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The ancient Egyptians practiced effective diagnoses and trauma care.
In the paper
“Our analysis is made possible only by the structured nature of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, with its inclusion of rich anatomical and clinical information reflecting a high level of sophisticated knowledge.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] 10. Burridge AL: A study of the Edwin Smith surgical papyrus. JSSEA 24:9-26, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“other symptoms will depend on the trajectory of the offending weapon, and of vessel injury.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. du Trevon MD, van Dellen JR: Penetrating stab wounds to the brain: the timing of angiography in patients presenting with the weapon already removed. Neurosurgery 13:905-912, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21] 21. Khalil N, Elwany MN, Miller, JD: Transcranial stab wounds morbidity and medicolegal awareness. Surg Neurol 35: 294-299, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A rendering of Verdict 3 is understandable in these later cases.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 4, 5, and 6
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is a penetrating cranial wound with possible traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Case 7B refers to the same case as in 7A”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Definitions and Terminology.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the patient has developed local and systemic infection, more specifically, signs of tetanus.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Definitions and Terminology.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2. Bardinet T: Dents et mâchoires das les représentations relig- ieuses et la pratique médicale de L'Egypte ancienne, in Studia Pohl: Series Maior 15. Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Bib- lico, 1990, pp 169-171
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Meningismus is common”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12] 12. Corville CB: Injuries to the skull and brain in ancient Egypt. Some notes on the mechanism, nature, and effects of cranial in- juries from predynastic times to the end of the Ptolemaic peri- od. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 14:53-82, 1949
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concepts included in Definition”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Definitions and Terminology.
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Verdict 3 does not suggest a positive outcome”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Case 20 is in the other extreme of the injuries described in these series.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 19 and 20
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“with its inclusion of rich anatomical and clinical information reflecting a high level of sophisticated knowledge.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] 10. Burridge AL: A study of the Edwin Smith surgical papyrus. JSSEA 24:9-26, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Case 7A represents a moderately severe head injury to the frontal area with perforation of the cavity of the air sinus.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Topic of Case 7A: Frontal Stab Wound with Compound Skull Fracture Penetrating the Frontal Air Sinus
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As Chapman 11 has pointed out, the injuries described in the Edwin Smith Papyrus would not be uncommon today in emergency department of any large city hospital.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11] 11. Chapman PH: Case seven of the Smith surgical papyrus: the meaning of tpAw. JARCE 29:35-42, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering the probable trajectory of the weapon, it is possible that there is optic pathway damage.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Only 30% of these patients were fully conscious, and 25% were in coma.”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Cases 19 and 20
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] 13. du Trevon MD, van Dellen JR: Penetrating stab wounds to the brain: the timing of angiography in patients presenting with the weapon already removed. Neurosurgery 13:905-912, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32] 32. van Dellen JR, Lipschitz R: Stab wounds of the skull. Surg Neurol 10:110-112, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 250- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the situation in Case 7B turns into an infectious complication, most likely by multiple bacteria”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > Decision Making in Case 7
hedgedstates a possible causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Breasted's translation contains difficult passages that have hampered modern interpretations.
“Breasted's translation of the Edwin Smith Papyrus has some difficult passages that have hampered modern interpretations by Egyptologists relying on the 1930 rendering of the papyrus.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The closest medical interpretation of the papyrus had only recently been partially addressed before this study.
“The primary consideration, however, of giving this original medical document the closest medical interpretation has only recently been (partially) addressed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The papyrus cases are ordered by increasing severity within each anatomical region.
“Because the injuries presented in the papyrus for a specific anatomical area are presented in order of increasing severity, it is possible to understand the factors that guided the ancient Egyptian physicians to reach a verdict in cases that otherwise appear to be of similar gravity.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The ancient Egyptians practiced effective diagnoses and trauma care.
“On the basis of this remarkable text, we can reasonably assume that the ancient Egyptians practiced effective diagnoses and trauma”
The paper relies on this without support.
Aphasia is symptomatic of a dominant hemisphere injury.
“indicative of aphasia, symptomatic of a dominant hemisphere injury.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Aphasia is treatable with limited success even today.
“aphasia is treatable with limited success even today.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
“Alexander Brawanski 6 who analyzed Head Injury Cases 1 through 8, and later Cases 9 through 14”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > References
“6. Brawanski A: Die Wirbelsäulenverletzungen des Papyrus Edwin Smith (Fall 29-33). Studien zur Altägypstischen Kul- tur (SAK) 32:59-80, 2004.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > KEY WORDS • Ancient Egyptian medicine • Edwin Smith Papyrus • history of neuroscience
“and that of James Allen in 2006. 1”
§ Abbreviation used in this paper: LSI = local and systemic infection > References
“1. Allen JP: The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press, 2005, pp 70-105”
Citations
Cites
Penetrating Stab Wounds to the Brain
du Trevou, M. D., & van Dellen, J. R. (1992) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-199211000-00012 · Cited by 130
The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
Feldman, R. P., & Goodrich, J. T. (1999) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s003810050395 · Cited by 130
The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: an analysis of the first case reports of spinal cord injuries
Hughes, J. T. (1988) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sc.1988.15 · Cited by 108
History of spine surgery in the ancient and medieval worlds
Goodrich, J. T. (2004) · Neurosurgical Focus · doi:10.3171/foc.2004.16.1.3 · Cited by 100
The History of Spinal Biomechanics
Sanan, A., & Rengachary, S. S. (1996) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-199610000-00001 · Cited by 72
Transcranial stab wounds: morbidity and medicolegal awareness
Khalil, N., Elwany, M. N., & Miller, J. D. (1991) · Surgical Neurology · doi:10.1016/0090-3019(91)90008-w · Cited by 61
Compound elevated fractures of the skull
Ralston, B. L. (1976) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1976.44.1.0077 · Cited by 29
Tetanus after cranial trauma in ancient Egypt
MILLER, R. L. (1997) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.63.6.758 · Cited by 7
A Neurosurgeon's View of the Battle of Reliefs of King Sety I: Aspects of Neurological Importance
Sanchez, G. M. (2000) · Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt · doi:10.2307/40000528 · Cited by 7
Self-citationCase Seven of the Smith Surgical Papyrus: The Meaning of TPȝW
Chapman, P. H. (1992) · Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt · doi:10.2307/40000482 · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Bardinet T, 1990, Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 169
- Bardinet T, 1995, Fayard, 493
- Bietak M, 1974, Ann Naturhistor Mus Wien, 78, 45
- Breasted JH, 1965, Neurosurgical Classics. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1
- Burridge AL, 1997, JSSEA, 24, 9
- Corville CB, 1949, Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc, 14, 53
- Goodrich JT, 1997, AANS, 38
- Gurdjian ES, 1975, Springfield Il: Charles C. Thomas, 135
- Helgason CM, 1987, C. Surgical Papyrus. Can J Neurol Sci, 14, 560
- Metzel E, 1990, Neurochirugia, 33, 78
- Ralston BL, 1977, Smith Surgical Papyrus. JEA, 63, 116
- Risse GB, 1972, Cranial Surgery Discussed in the Edwin Smith Papyrus. Bull NY Acad Med, 48, 145
- Robinson J, 1990, Craniospinal Trauma. New York: Thieme, 59
- van Dellen JR, 1978, Surg Neurol, 10, 110
- Walker AE, 1998, Parke Ridge Il: AANS, 19
- Westendorf W, 1999, Brill, 713
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Edwin Smith papyrus: a clinical reappraisal of the oldest known document on spinal injuries
van Middendorp, J. J., Sanchez, G. M., & Burridge, A. L. (2010) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1523-6 · Cited by 160
Self-citationThe Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems
Dijkers, M. P. J. M., Harrison-Felix, C. L., & Marwitz, J. H. (2010) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0b013e3181cd3528 · Cited by 145
Defining the standards for medical grade honey
Hermanns, R., Mateescu, C., Thrasyvoulou, A. T., et al. (2019) · Journal of Apicultural Research · doi:10.1080/00218839.2019.1693713 · Cited by 96
Clinical anatomy as practiced by ancient Egyptians
Loukas, M., Hanna, M. G., Alsaiegh, N., et al. (2011) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.21155 · Cited by 65
Kamp, M. A., Slotty, P. J., Sarikaya-Seiwert, S., et al. (2011) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-011-0993-6 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Sanchez, G. M., & Burridge, A. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- Neurosurgical Focus
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 1092-0684 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4233819138
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 20.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurosurgical FOCUS (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History of Medicine Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › History of Medical Practice
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Paleopathology and ancient diseases
- Keywords
- Edwin Smith Papyrus, ancient Egyptian medicine, head injury management, decision-making, skull base fracture, skull perforation, craniofacial fractures, tetanus, aphasia, traumatic brain injury, history of neurosurgery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-01, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-01 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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