Serial Susceptibility Weighted MRI Measures Brain Iron and Microbleeds in Dementia
Open accessAbstract
A new iron sensitive MR sequence (susceptibility weighted imaging - SWI) enabling the simultaneous quantitation of regional brain iron levels and brain microbleeds (BMB) has been acquired serially to study dementia. Cohorts of mildly cognitively impaired (MCI) elderly (n = 73) and cognitively normal participants (n = 33) have been serially evaluated for up to 50 months. SWI phase values (putative iron levels) in 14 brain regions were measured and the number of BMB were counted for each SWI study. SWI phase values showed a left putaminal mean increase of iron (decrease of phase values) over the study duration in 27 participants who progressed to dementia compared to Normals (p = 0.035) and stable MCI (p = 0.01). BMB were detected in 9 out of 26 (38%) MCI participants who progressed to dementia and are a significant risk factor for cognitive failure in MCI participants [risk ratio = 2.06 (95% confidence interval 1.37-3.12)]. SWI is useful to measure regional iron changes and presence of BMB, both of which may be important MR-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Cerebral microbleeds appear to be a common vascular abnormality.
“Cerebral microbleeds, visualized by new imaging techniques, also appear to be a common vascular abnormality.74–77”
From Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2011) · cites this paper as [76]
The Results (§3.4; page not provided) found microbleeds in 9 of 26 participants who progressed to dementia, but none of 33 normal participants. The Discussion (§4; page not provided) says many microbleeds may escape imaging detection. Together, these passages support their occurrence in the studied dementia group, but not the broader claim that cerebral microbleeds are a common vascular abnormality generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhite matter degeneration and microbleeds are associated with both vascular cognitive impairment and clinical Alzheimer disease.
“neuroimaging studies have shown that white matter degeneration, as measured by both fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion tensor imaging, and microbleeds are associated with both VCI and clinical Alzheimer disease,70,72,76,77,81”
From Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2011) · cites this paper as [76]
The Introduction (page unavailable) calls brain microbleeds a biomarker of cerebrovascular disease, and the Discussion reports that participants with microbleeds were more likely to progress to dementia. The paper does not establish the claimed association of white matter degeneration with both vascular cognitive impairment and clinical Alzheimer disease. Its MR imaging Methods list FLAIR but not diffusion tensor imaging, and its cognitive-testing Methods say participants developing a disorder other than Alzheimer disease were removed. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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References 60 · Cited by 139
- Authors
- Kirsch, W., McAuley, G., Holshouser, B., Petersen, F., Ayaz, M., Vinters, H. V., Dickson, C., Haacke, E. M., Britt III, W., Larsen, J., Kim, I., Mueller, C., Schrag, M., & Kido, D.
- Affiliations
- Loma Linda University (US)
- Loma Linda University Medical Center (US)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Institute for Biomedical Research (US)
- Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center (US)
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University Health Care (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kirsch, Wolff
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-07-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 599-609
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- PMC
- PMC2788087
- OpenAlex
- W1559206934
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 11.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Mayo Clinic
- Siemens USA
- Loma Linda University
- National Institutes of Health
- University of California, San Diego
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG020948, AG 20948)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Keywords
- susceptibility-weighted imaging, brain iron
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Intracranial Hemorrhages
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