The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 11 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Participación de los esclavos de Esmeraldas en las guerras de independencia (1809-1822). La construcción étnica de un proyecto social en medio de la libertad
Open accessAbstract
Este ensayo explora la participación de los esclavizados del norte de la provincia de Esmeraldas en las contiendas por la independencia de la corona española, unos sujetos sociales que frente a la promesa de la insurgencia de otorgarles la libertad, decidieron luchar a favor de la causa republicana. La intención era continuar y asegurar la construcción de comunidades e identidades colectivas en medio de la libertad y autonomía, iniciado con el arribo de esclavos provenientes de las minas neogranadinas a la provincia de Esmeraldas. Con este objetivo demandaron del nuevo Estado republicano el reconocimiento como hombres libres y ser incluidos como ciudadanos en el nuevo ordenamiento social republicano: propuesta realizada por el discurso liberal independentista. Una propuesta que quedó en el discurso frente a lo cual los negros de las minas debieron idear diversas estrategias para continuar reproduciendo su forma de vida en medio de la libertad.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This essay argues that enslaved people in northern Esmeraldas used the 1809–1822 independence wars to advance their own ethnic and social project: defending territory, autonomy, and community life while pressing the new republican state to recognize them as free citizens. Although they fought for the patriot cause after promises of freedom, the liberal promise largely remained rhetorical, forcing them into continued strategies of resistance and negotiation.
Key findings
- Enslaved people from the río Santiago mining camps—Playa de Oro, San Antonio de Cachavi, and Guembi—were politically active in the independence conflict, using cimarronaje, negotiation, violent confrontation, rumor, and judicial litigation to preserve their autonomous way of life and collective identity.
- In February 1813, the first collective mobilization of enslaved people from Playa de Oro and Cachavi took place; at the attack on La Tola, enslaved and free Black people numbered around 200, joined by 20 highlanders, 23 ships, and 25 free Black deserters from the royalist troop.
- An 1815 visit recorded 209 enslaved people at Playa de Oro, 85 at San José de Cachavi, and 70 at Guembi—364 in total—while dispersed people in the mountains were estimated at around 500; the enslaved negotiated a rental/pension arrangement, paying 1,100 pesos (550 castellanos) for the San Juan and Navidad tercios in 1815, with 925 pesos registered in 1817.
- In 1826, after independence, the captains of the mining cuadrillas petitioned the protector general of slaves, rejecting the label “alzados,” demanding recognition as free people, and defending their “patrio suelo”; a local witness testified that the enslaved had lived without masters “como libres” for more than fourteen years.
Methods
- Historical essay covering northern Esmeraldas and the río Santiago mining frontier during the independence wars (1809–1822), with attention to the 1826 petition by mining captains.
- Based mainly on archival documentary sources from Ecuadorian and Colombian national archives—especially ANE, Presidencia de Quito, and the Esclavos and Civiles funds—plus secondary historical and anthropological literature.
- Qualitative historical interpretation; because the region was treated as a frontier marginal to the central state, most records were official, requiring contrast among source types to reconstruct enslaved people’s traces.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: the study area was considered a frontier marginal to the central state, so surviving records are mostly official; this forced the author to contrast different sources and make an interpretive effort to recover the traces left by the enslaved people of the río Santiago.
- Stated in the paper: historical research on Black Esmeraldas remains “a project under construction,” and historical production on this population is poor, so the work aims to contribute new elements rather than offer a complete account.
- Evident from the text: the OCR is heavily garbled in many passages, with missing words and unclear citations, which limits precise verification of some details; the reliance on official and elite sources also means enslaved voices appear mainly through petitions, testimony, and reported speech.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
55 Not checked yet · 37 No basis given · 34 Own interpretation · 11 Sources not found · 9 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estos territorios, con el nuevo siglo, se convirtieron en escenario de acciones políticas y militares emprendidas por los insurgentes y esclavizados a favor de la causa republicana frente a las fuerzas realistas que apoyaban la restauración del imperio español.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La respuesta de la burocracia española y de las élites de Guayaquil, Popayán, Pasto, Cuenca y Riobamba fue de rechazo e indignación.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La fidelidad al rey de ciudades como Popayán y Pasto fueron cruciales para impedir toda comunicación entre Quito y Santa Fe, así lo revela una comunicación del 21 de agosto de 1809”
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Estos insurgentes llegaron a las montañas de Malbucho, zona de cimarrones o esclavos procedentes de las haciendas del valle del Chota, Chamanal, Cuajara y Tumbabiro”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En 1814, ante el creciente rumor de una rebelión encabezada por los esclavizados del real de Cachavi se inició el inmediato reclutamiento de fuerzas de Tumaco y Guayaquil.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mientras se daba el proceso de traspaso de las minas del río Santiago a los dueños, las actividades de insurgencia a favor de la Independencia se reactivaron en el litoral Pacífico.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Este enfrentamiento político incluía además pugnas por intereses económicos, uno de ellos a propósito de las haciendas trapicheras ubicadas en el valle del Chota (Demélas, 2003. p. 192).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Demélas, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Entre las actividades políticas emprendidas por los negros a favor de la insurgencia se registra la labor de centinelas en el camino de Malbucho, quienes en su papel de chasquis intercambiaban comunicaciones entre los rebeldes del norte y del sur”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las acciones descritas se desarrollaron a través de partidas de montoneros conformados por esclavizados de las minas, negros libres, cimarrones y aquellos fugitivos que deambulaban por los caminos provistos de lanzas, bodoqueras y sables.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A los negros ha enseñado el uso del arco y las flecha los materiales que utilizaban eran tendones de animales cazados que dejaban secar al sol, y luego con aquellos hacían los arcos; o sogas para cacería”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La modalidad de lucha en los enfrentamientos fue el ataque sorpresa con cierto nivel de organización”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“contrataron a cargueros del camino de Malbucho pagándoles el doble para transportar armas, cañones y madera con destino a las minas de Playa de Oro y Cachavi”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Estos esclavizados, junto a la población libre de color que habitaba los diversos ríos y pequeños poblados por donde pasaron los insurgentes como el de San Pedro de la Carolina, tomaron las armas y participaron como soldados junto a las tropas rebeldes en ataques sorpresa como el que se realizó al puerto de La Tola”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sobre esta condición testificó Manuel Béjar en 1826, vecino de la parroquia La Porquera, zona cercana a las minas de Playa de Oro, conocía que hace más de catorce años que los esclavizados no tienen amos,”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Con Montes a la cabeza y las milicias realistas provenientes de Lima, Cuenca y Guayaquil, el 8 de noviembre de 1812 se tomaron Quito.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En enero de 1813, el oficial español José Fábrega junto a tropas procedentes de Panamá subió por el río Santiago con la intención de cumplir la orden del presidente Toribio Montes, capturar al capitán José Antonio Pontón.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Se constituyó en comandante de negros alzados”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“pues uno de sus objetivos, además de la defensa, era construir buques en Playa de Oro para trasladarlos al mar y pasar al puerto de Dagua, única vía posible hacia Cali”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“renovando además a los negros esclavos la oferta de la libertad que los de Quito les habían prometido”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Su intención era causar estrago y confusión a las fuerzas realistas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Otros asaltos de bandas armadas de negros al pueblo de La Tola se repitieron durante los meses siguientes”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“se conoce que en la selva de Esmeraldas adiestra a los esclavizados en labores militares”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A estos se incorporaron veinticinco negros libres que desertaron de la tropa enviada por el gobernador realista Andrés de Castro para custodiar el puerto de La Tola.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Andrés de Castro, a fin de frenar la propagación de rumores, impuso a Pascual Pata el castigo de un día en el cepo por propagar la noticia falsa del arribo de soldados realistas de Tumaco a la ciudad de Esmeraldas”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Una vez en Esmeraldas los insurgentes iniciaron acciones para enfrentar la arremetida realista desde Tumaco y Barbacoas”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pues contaban con un elemento fundamental: la capacidad de movilidad y fácil desplazamiento por los montes y ríos debido al conocimiento del territorio”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el mismo sentido los esclavizados de Esmeraldas, a través de los capitanes de cuadrillas en 1826, luego de la victoria en Pichincha y declarada la Independencia, apelaron a las formas jurídicas o legales y demandaron el cumplimiento de la promesa realizada por los líderes e ideólogos criollos del nuevo Estado republicano: la concesión de la libertad.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Frente a la intención de los mineros de hacer efectivos los derechos de propiedad de las minas, los capitanes de los reales de minas, Justo y Cornelio Arroyo, Agustín y Guillermo Valencia, y más tarde los capitanes Pío y Félix Valencia y Manuel Feliciano y Tomás Valencia, conocedores de las leyes y de las ideas libertarias que pregonaba la nueva república, en un acto de resistencia legal, present”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los esclavizados, de manera estratégica, presentaron a las autoridades la situación de pobreza de los reales de minas motivada por las continuas inundaciones de los ríos, hecho que ameritaba la construcción de nuevas pilas, estanques, acequias, capillas e iniciar nuevas siembras, sin lo cual era imposible la explotación minera.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El Bolador de propiedad de Alejandro Moreno tenía la misión de animar a los vecinos de Esmeraldas a la insurrección”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la primera movilización colectiva de los esclavizados de los reales de minas de Playa de Oro y de Cachavi se realizó en febrero de 1813”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“estos fugitivos habían optado como mecanismo de defensa el constante desplazamiento por el monte y la vida clandestina a fin de evitar la captura”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El resultado de esta campaña militar fue la captura de varios insurgentes, Francisco Viteri, dos esclavizados de su propiedad y Baltasar Pontón que se encontraban refugiados en los montes cerca del real de Guembi.”
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Como elementos en común entre los esclavizados patianos y esmeraldeños se evidenció su condición de rebeldes y la motivación por obtener la libertad que fue ofrecida por los dos bandos en pugna.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fugitive blacks of the Patía valley participated alongside the royalists through a guerrilla system with pillage, road blockades, and arms theft, harassing republican troops until 1816.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La oferta de los esclavizados de convertirse en arrendatarios de las minas fue aceptada por Andrés de Castro, pues la dificultad de un control efectivo de las minas debido a lo fragoso de los caminos y lo distante que se encontraban ameritaba una supervisión ocasional.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Esta fue una experiencia histórica singular que les permitió forjar un proyecto con fisonomía propia en la cual los esclavizados y esclavizadas se convirtieron, siguiendo a Carlos Aguirre, en”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Aguirre, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el caso de los esclavizados de Esmeraldas fue la posibilidad de la libertad y el ser ciudadanos y estar insertos en la nueva república, ofrecimiento realizado por los insurgentes cuando encontraron refugio en las minas, lo que les movilizó a favor de la causa patriota.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pues los efectivos rebasaron el ámbito local al provocar actos de insubordinación y efectos desestabilizadores en toda la región de Esmeraldas”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estaba claro que el gobernador Miguel Tacón, apoyado por los payaneses, estaba dispuesto a transformar la frontera minera de la costa pacífica en una frontera político-militar; los negros sometidos a los rigores del sistema esclavista, en esta fase independentista, se convertían en potenciales actores a quienes había que encauzar y controlar para asegurar la legitimidad del régimen colonial.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta participación de los esclavizados a través de variadas actividades de resistencia resultó exitosa”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esto convirtió a este territorio al igual que las minas de Cachavi, Guembi y Playa de Oro del río Santiago, en sitios de refugio y centro de operaciones de la insurgencia.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El ambiente libertario forjado durante la segunda fase de Independencia con la activa participación de la población negra libre, sin descartar la colaboración de los esclavizados, dio continuidad a la dinámica interna de inestabilidad e inseguridad en la región.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta imagen que se tenía de los esclavizados, de alzados y subversivos, según se expresa en la cita textual, obedecía a las continuas acciones de resistencia que emprendieron entendidas como transgresoras del orden colonial.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los hechos expuestos permiten demostrar que la crisis colonial desatada a raíz de las guerras de Independencia puso en evidencia que los esclavizados estaban dispuestos a defender una forma de vida construida con cierta autonomía y libertad a partir del debilitamiento de los dispositivos de explotación minera esclavista.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Después, para sustentar esta especie de ideología libertaria y asegurar una respuesta efectiva del nuevo sistema político a favor de sus propias reivindicaciones etnosociales, se apoyaron en el discurso liberal puesto en circulación por los líderes de la Independencia”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“También se puede mencionar como otra similitud la defensa del territorio y su tradicional forma de vida libre, subversiva e ilegal ante los ojos de la sociedad sociedad blanca dominante.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fugitive blacks of the Patía valley participated alongside the royalists through a guerrilla system with pillage, road blockades, and arms theft, harassing republican troops until 1816.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“en el horizonte político de la nueva república: conceder la libertad y ciudadanía, entendida como una identidad o membresía individual disponible para todos a través de la igualdad legal.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 80
- Probably not a substantial claim. 49
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El gobernador Tacón, luego de derrotar a los quiteños en Funes (octubre 16 de 1809), se enfrentó en Palacé (marzo 28 de 1811), donde las ciudades confederadas del valle del Cauca, conformadas por Cali, Caloto, Buga, Toro, Anserma y Cartago, lo vencieron.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En esta coyuntura, una vez que estalló la Revolución de Quito del 10 de agosto de 1809, se conformó una Junta Suprema de Gobierno integrada por importantes miembros de la nobleza criolla de la ciudad y dirigida por el marqués de Selva Alegre, doctor Juan Pío Montúfar, presidente de la junta, y como vicepresidente el obispo José Cuero y Caicedo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El virrey Amar y Borbón, en septiembre de 1809, impuso el bloqueo de los pasos a Cuenca, Guayaquil y Popayán, lo que llevó a la nueva Junta Suprema de Quito a abrir comunicación con Cali y Buga por la costa Pacífica, pues la élite vallecaucana, con vínculos familiares con Quito, apoyó decididamente las acciones de la Junta.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inmediatamente autoridades del Gobierno quiteño controlaron el puerto de Carondelet en Esmeraldas e impidieron la comunicación con esta región.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Uno de los más recalcitrantes realistas que se opuso a la Junta Revolucionaria quiteña por considerarla ilegal fue el gobernador de Popayán, Miguel Tacón y Rosique, quien inició la ofensiva desde el norte con el ánimo de restaurar el orden colonial. Para este fin contó con el apoyo incondicional del cabildo y de las élites payanesas: mineros, comerciantes y terratenientes que temían perder sus”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“La respuesta inmediata la obtuvo de los negros del valle del Patía, unos fugitivos de las minas de la costa pacífica y de las haciendas del valle del Cauca que motivada por un fuerte sentimiento anti-criollo hacia los esclavistas o republicanos del valle del Cauca, y por el incendio del pueblo del Patía realizado por el ejército insurgente, se alineó en el bando realista en defensa de la religión”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ortiz, 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este ensayo explora la participación de los esclavizados del norte de la provincia de Esmeraldas en las contiendas por la independencia de la corona española, unos sujetos sociales que frente a la promesa de la insurgencia de otorgarles la libertad, decidieron luchar a favor de la causa republicana.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Con este objetivo demandaron del nuevo Estado republicano el reconocimiento como hombres libres y ser incluidos como ciudadanos en el nuevo ordenamiento social republicano: propuesta realizada por el discurso liberal independentista.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Esta misiva no llegó a su destino debido a la exitosa incursión a Esmeraldas del teniente de Tumaco, José Nicolás Uriguen, quien el 10 de septiembre de 1809 tomó el puerto y el fuerte de La Tola junto a ciento veinte soldados y capturaron la guarnición que fue trasladada a Tumaco”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En otra fuente documental de la época, Castro revela que el único recurso válido de control de estos rebeldes era mediante el uso de la violencia:”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“en descargo de mi conciencia y estando próximo a morir ni mi mujer, ni yo mandamos, ni seducimos al pueblo quiteño para que mataran al Señor Conde Ruiz de Castilla y por el contrario fue bien pública la acción de haberlo defendido de la muerte”
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este funcionario fue enviado a Esmeraldas el 5 de diciembre de 1811 con la misión de resguardar la región, mantener abiertas las comunicaciones y sublevar a las cuadrillas de negros de las minas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“lo que motivó la huida de la población a los montes rehusándose a regresar a sus sitios de vivienda”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Esto los llevó a poner en juego su capacidad estratégica al negociar la entrega de”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“y evadido de los esbirros de Fabrega hizo que le persiguieran y en la selva los negros y sus flechas se encargaron de ellos.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Arroyo Valencia contaba con 209 esclavizados; el de San José de Cachavi de Domingo Pérez Arroyo registra 85; y el de Nuestra Señora de La Concepción de Guembi de don Mariano Valencia, 70. Lo que suma un total de 364 esclavizados.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La intención era ponerlos a trabajar, pues según Castro, la improductividad y la falta de sujeción en que vivían eran propicias para mantener diversas formas de resistencia.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Este doctrinero, el juez del partido de La Tola y las autoridades locales del pueblo de Cayapas, por orden del presidente Montes, convocaron a los vecinos de los pueblos a la celebración de misas para dar a conocer la nueva Constitución Política de la Monarquía, la misma que se debía poner en práctica.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En medio del caos que produjo esta contienda, un grupo de rebeldes quiteños y granadinos huyeron a las selvas occidentales por el camino de Malbucho hacia Esmeraldas con la intención de pasar al puerto de Dagua y llegar hasta Cali a juntarse con sus coidearios.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En la parte final del documento los capitanes de los reales de minas rechazan el calificativo de”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El documento en su parte final señala que en ese entonces los tres reales de minas son propiedad de la Casa de Arroyo de Popayán.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“el gobernador Andrés de Castro informaba en 1816 al presidente de la Audiencia Juan Ramírez sobre las operaciones militares de los republicanos de Montevideo en la toma de la isla Puná y Punta Piedra.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Un tercer aspecto enfatiza la situación de marginalidad, barbarie y miseria en que se encuentran: en medio del concubinato, cubiertos por una pampanilla de cáscara de árbol, faltando a las leyes del pudor y la honestidad y sin ningún alimento temporal y espiritual.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Estas fuerzas rebeldes impidieron cualquier maniobra de defensa realista, invadieron el pueblo de La Tola, lo incendiaron y se apropiaron de los alimentos y las armas”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En el pueblo de Esmeraldas, además, se estableció un nuevo cabildo y se nombraron autoridades; así lo certificó el nuevo secretario del ayuntamiento y alcalde del puerto de Atacames en diciembre de 1813.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seguidamente, con ayuda de las milicias locales, organizó desde los ríos emboscadas con armas provistas de veneno, técnica utilizada por los esclavos. El objetivo era impedir el ingreso de fuerzas marítimas al puerto de La Tola y evitar la avanzada hacia Quito a través de dos vías, la de los Cayapas y Carondelet.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Castro tenía la sospecha que el”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta flota insurgente, conformada por soldados americanos, ingleses, portugueses, negros de Guinea, chilenos, paiteños y algunos españoles avanzaron a la ciudad de Esmeraldas donde, además de aprovisionarse de víveres y ganado saquearon la isla de Tumaco.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Proponía realizar el pago mediante la entrega anual de doce mil libras de tabaco, a cuatro reales la libra, en el puerto de Tumaco, hasta pagar el débito o depositar en las cajas nacionales de Guayaquil la cuarta parte del valor total de los negros y tres mil pesos cada año hasta finiquitar la deuda.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La captura de Rosa Zárate, Nicolás de la Peña y Baltasar Pontón se realizó en el real de minas de Guembi por información que proporcionó el negro Cornelio, a quien el capitán José Fabrega le prometió 100 pesos de plata y la libertad, hecho que se conoció cuando reclamó dicho ofrecimiento”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Los mas contentos que hay en la costa les meten mil mentiras como el que ya han ganado a Lima los caleños y a Guayaquil y estan en caos de tinieblas y confucion.”
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Un segundo aspecto que resalta el documento es sobre las permanentes incursiones agresivas que realizaban a las minas unos supuestos enviados de los dueños con la intención de reclamar sus derechos, como ocurrió con el mayor Tomás Gutiérrez, quien, junto a treinta hombres incendió las chozas, arrancó las matas, robó quince lechones y perros de cacería, y les quitó el oro a cambio de la libertad”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En la práctica, esta disposición de los esclavizados para con sus dueños y la consecuente activación minera, maximizando el rendimiento físico mediante el trabajo forzado, resultaba difícil cumplir, debido al ambiente de libertad que se vivía en las minas, esto lo confirma el minero Arroyo en calidad de dueño quien, empeñado en sujetar a los negros que le habían privado de su trabajo, señala”
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta actuación de Castro en la región motivó el levantamiento de la población de Río Verde el 5 de agosto de 1820. Mientras Castro realizaba maniobras para evitar la toma de Esmeraldas por parte de los”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En medio de repiques de campanas, esta disposición se cumplió en cada uno los pueblos de la provincia.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“en diciembre de 1819, en la costa esmeraldeña, en Punta Gorda, naves insurgentes dispararon sus cañones y se retiraron a la isla de Tumaco, luego de invadirla, se plantearon regresar y controlar Esmeraldas, custodiada por Castro desde el cuartel general de La Boca.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stevenson, junto a cincuenta soldados bajo su mando se apoderó de un depósito de armas de los realistas en Tumaco, acción que terminó con su captura en manos de Tacón quien recuperó el control de Esmeraldas y Tumaco.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Una vez en Ibarra se dieron varios enfrentamientos con tropas realistas al mando del coronel Juan Sámano: el primero en San Antonio de Ibarra y el segundo en Yaguarcocha el 1 de diciembre de 1812, donde la derrota quiteña fue rotunda.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Los negros del real San Antonio de Cachavi de Pedro Pérez Muñoz han estado como libres armados de soldados por los reveldes de Quito y no han travajado cosa alguna para el amo en más de tres años por mandato de los traidores de la Junta de Quito”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seguidamente mencionan que cuentan con minas”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta situación obligó al teniente de Tumaco, José de Maruri, a adoptar medidas conciliatorias que por el momento podían resultar más efectivas, como la suspensión de la orden de traslado de las familias de los cabecillas presos en la cárcel de Tumaco y la concesión de la libertad a tres de los líderes de la revuelta: Feliciano Capin, Pedro Guillermo y Juan José Guatón.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mientras el gobernador de Popayán, Miguel Tacón, desplegaba acciones militares en la costa pacífica y reclutaba negros bajo la promesa de concederles la libertad si abrazaban la causa del rey, en Quito se vivían pugnas políticas internas protagonizadas por linajes o clanes familiares que provocaron la formación dos bandos: los montufaristas, aliados en torno a la familia Montúfar que, si bien”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Todos fueron trasladados a Tumaco y Panamá para iniciar los respectivos procesos”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“que también fue pronunciada por otro de los fugitivos, José Antonio Pontón, a quien se le siguió un proceso judicial por la misma causa”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Entre los fugitivos se registran parte de la plana mayor de la insurgencia: el obispo Cuero y Caicedo, natural de Cali, quien tuvo un papel destacado como presidente de la Junta fenecida; los hacendados, Ramón y José Chiriboga Villavicencio; Carlos Araujo, hacendado y propietario de la mina Bogotá en Esmeraldas; Nicolás de la Peña Montenegro, su esposa Rosa Zárate y su nuera Rosa Alaba, estos”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Luego de largas discusiones, el 15 de febrero de 1812 se declaró la independencia de España y se promulgó una Constitución denominada Artículos del pacto solemne de sociedad y unión entre las provincias que forman el Estado de Quito, que reconocía a Fernando VII como monarca, una vez libre de la dominación francesa.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La propuesta del gobernador de Esmeraldas Andrés de Castro, con el fin de someter a los rebeldes cambió de estrategia mediante el uso de la vía pacífica, visitó los reales de Playa de Oro, Cachavi y Guembi, y tomó posesión de las minas, pues en ausencia de los legítimos dueños estos bienes eran propiedad del rey.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“No se registró aquellos que viven dispersos en los montes, con quienes se calculaba alrededor de quinientos esclavizados.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Tienen mil caminos de comunicación, los chasquis que se cruzan a las minas y solo la fuerza podra hacer esta obra de reducir a los negros.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La medida causó protestas entre los esclavizados debido al fuerte arraigo al territorio y el rechazo a la desarticulación familiar.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En julio de 1819, Juan Fernández en calidad de apoderado de José Antonio Pérez Arroyo pasó a La Tola, jurisdicción de las minas, a tomar posesión de Playa de Oro, Guembi y la hacienda Molina. Quedó embargado el real de minas de San José de Cachavi de Domingo Pérez Arroyo por deudas con Mariano Barona, quien impidió la entrega al apoderado”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El objetivo era que estos revoltosos una vez en las minas y haciendo uso de su liderazgo podían incentivar a los esclavizados a la reducción y obediencia.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“en este documento Castro no descarta el ingreso de fuerzas insurgentes desde el norte y una nueva movilización de los esclavos a favor de los rebeldes. Además, señala que los esclavos del real de Cachavi transitan hacia los pueblos serranos de Chical o Cachiaco, por lo que recomienda ubicar indios espías en sitios estratégicos para que los aprehendan e informen sobre su presencia.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para 1815, en una nueva visita de Castro a las minas, se registró el pago de 1.100 pesos correspondientes a 550 castellanos de oro de los tercios de San Juan y Navidad, en 1817 el libro de la Real Hacienda de Esmeraldas registra el ingreso de 925 pesos año.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“habiendo ido el dicho Nicolás de la Peña siguiendo por la montaña de Malbucho, terminó su derrotero en mi Real de Minas de San Antonio de Cachavi, donde hecho dueño absoluto de lo poco que los insurgentes habían dejado, se vieron aquellos establecimientos convertidos en asilos de rebeldes”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Algunos malévolos vecinos de estos pueblos se han demostrado en esta ocasión reveldes al servicio y adictos a unirse con los insurgentes y piratas para vengar sus agravios y propender al robo, asi es que en Atacames ha ocurrido esto.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En este operativo, esclavizados y libres sumaron alrededor de doscientos, más veinte serranos, que armados con fusiles, sables, cañones, lanzas y bodoqueras engrosaron las fuerzas insurgentes conformadas, además, por veintitrés buques.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ponerlos en capilla pasándoles por las armas por la espalda y cortándoles las cabezas con brevedad se deberá remitir del mejor modo posible para que se conserven, y que vengan ocultas a fin de ponerlas en la plaza de esta capital como escarmiento de los sediciosos”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las embarcaciones de la armada chilena estaban comandadas por el capitán inglés Juan Illingworth, quien en la fragata Rosa de los Andes recorría el Pacífico”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Este nuevo régimen convocó a un Congreso con el fin de adoptar las acciones apropiadas, el 4 de diciembre de 1811, se instaló el Soberano Congreso de Quito, que congregó a representantes de varios pueblos de la provincia como Ibarra, Otavalo, Latacunga, Ambato, Riobamba, Alausí y Guaranda. Estaban presentes, además, el cabildo secular, eclesiástico, las órdenes religiosas, la élite local y los bar”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Borrero
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Los negros principales de Playa de Oro vinieron a mi llamada y quedaron corrientes en obedecer mis disposiciones, pero como esto no lo dicen de corazon, luego que tienen alguna noticia cierta o falsa del triunfo de los caleños, se vuelve atraz y se retractan.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En la costa esmeraldeña milicianos del país comandados por Castro enfrentaban a una escuadra de rebeldes de Buenos Aires compuesta por mil ochocientos hombres, tres fragatas, un pailebote y dos bergantines el Dolorita y el Bolador, dedicados al comercio con Panamá y a colaborar con la causa revolucionaria.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Toribio Montes recibió desde Tumaco las cabezas de los rebeldes, la intención era exhibir la cabeza de Nicolás de la Peña en las inmediaciones de la recoleta de La Merced y la de Rosa Zárate en la plaza pública, un castigo ejemplarizante para toda la población.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“según Andrés de Castro la costumbre era saquear los víveres de las casas y apropiarse del ganado de la cofradía de la Virgen para luego regresar a las minas”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tacón como parte de sus acciones a favor de la Corona, señaló que luego de que concluyera la expedición a Dagua, pasaría a Esmeraldas, pues conocía que los esclavos de las minas del río Santiago mantenían”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“José Fabrega sacó cinco cabecillas y los trasladó a Tumaco para ser vendidos bajo el calificativo de sediciosos, considerados individuos peligrosos capaces de subvertir el orden social.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un primer aspecto refiere la actitud de defensa que adoptaron los esclavizados al negarse a pagar las altas tasas tributarias impuestas por el Estado a cambio del usufructo de las minas. Los argumentos presentados refieren que, al no estar presentes los amos y ser las minas propiedad del rey, era el Estado el llamado a dotarles de herramientas, alimento, vestido y los días”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“El obispo Cuero y Caicedo, al ver que las municiones escaseaban, ordenó la retirada de la población con dirección al norte (Levi, 1998, p.389-390).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Levi, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estos pagos debían estar en vigencia hasta cuando los reales se”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unos recortes jurisdiccionales que junto a la crisis económica y la resistencia que motivaron las reformas borbónicas provocaron un período de erosión del orden colonial y una serie de tensiones políticas y sociales entre las élites peninsular y americana que era urgente resolver.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En este sentido, su presencia en la contienda política es estratégica: las acciones emprendidas conllevaron una propuesta de afianzamiento social y étnico y se distanciaron de los intereses de los dos proyectos políticos enfrentados: el realista y el independentista.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Este proyecto consistía en conformar una capitanía general con la presencia de Guayaquil, Popayán, Panamá y la región minera de Chocó, y de esa manera recuperar la jurisdicción territorial perdida en varios espacios, entre los que se contaban Mainas y Guayaquil que pasaron a depender de Lima; Tumaco, Atacames, Limones y La Tola que formaron parte de Popayán a partir de 1793 por orden del virrey de”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pérez Ramos, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El puerto de La Tola, al igual que Carondelet eran sitios estratégicos del camino de Malbucho, una vía que se convirtió en medio de enlace entre la región andina y la costa pacífica, a pesar de no ofrecer las mejores condiciones transitables, era el paso obligado de mercaderes y viajeros que transportaban productos desde las poblaciones andinas con destino a Barbacoas, Iscuandé y Tumaco.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Una propuesta que quedó en el discurso frente a lo cual los negros de las minas debieron idear diversas estrategias para continuar reproduciendo su forma de vida en medio de la libertad.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII la llegada de cuadrillas de esclavos de las minas de Nueva Granada junto a mineros poseedores de grandes fortunas, al norte de Esmeraldas, tenía un objetivo, abrir una nueva frontera minera del oro y construir un camino por Esmeraldas que permita reactivar el proyecto secular de las élites quiteñas: el comercio interregional entre Nueva Granada y Panamá.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La intención era continuar y asegurar la construcción de comunidades e identidades colectivas en medio de la libertad y autonomía, iniciado con el arribo de esclavos provenientes de las minas neogranadinas a la provincia de Esmeraldas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Alfonso Múnera ratifica lo expuesto al mencionar que en las contiendas por la Independencia las pugnas regionales fueron generalizadas, en un claro intento de las élites por consolidar su poder”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Múnera, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“La pérdida de estatus político de los quiteños debido a la reorganización administrativa los motivó a terminar con la molesta subordinación de Quito a los virreinatos de Lima y Santa Fe, para lo cual se idearon un proyecto que contaba con el auspicio del presidente de la Audiencia, barón de Carondelet.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Caravaglia y Marchena, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En la ciudad de Quito, frente a la crisis política que vivía la monarquía hispánica debido a la presencia de fuerzas francesas producto de su expansionismo imperialista y el proceso revolucionario español, la aspiración de las élites criollas era concretar un proyecto político-económico propio, a la vez que se declaraban leales a Fernando VII.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lo que permitió la construcción de redes de información y la propagación de rumores que generaban el desconcierto y el temor colectivo sobre la capacidad operativa de las fuerzas insurgentes o de las milicias del rey”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esto les permitió desplazarse libremente por los montes y los ríos y decidir su colaboración al bando realista o insurgente.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
In the paper
“Alfonso Múnera (2005) resalta que en la historia del Caribe la participación de los negros y mulatos libres en las diversas luchas obedeció al interés por obtener la condición de ciudadanos, un derecho que les negó la Constitución española (p. 41-42).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Múnera, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este registro histórico, además de confirmar el estado de conflicto, evidencia las actividades de resistencia adoptadas por los esclavizados. La primera, frente a la posible presencia de milicias realistas, era convertirse en cimarrones, es decir, fugarse y perderse en medio del monte; y la segunda, la confrontación violenta, o vía de hecho, una opción radical adoptada por los negros de la mina de”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“libres dejarían de ser ignorados por la sociedad civil y así les sería posible continuar con su tradicional forma de vida autónoma, alejada de la explotación y contar con la posibilidad de apelar a la justicia frente a posibles agresiones e incumplimiento de sus derechos.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Este planteamiento es compartido por Carlos Aguirre (1995), quien encuentra que los esclavizados en Perú para obtener mejoras en su condición social midieron muy bien sus objetivos en función de las herramientas que disponían y las reales posibilidades de éxito. Pero no descarta la presencia de esclavizados que reivindicaron y persiguieron la libertad así como erosionar el sistema esclavista”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Aguirre, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La participación de los esclavizados de Esmeraldas, si bien tuvo un cierto nivel de organización, distó mucho del esfuerzo sostenido que realizaron, en esta misma época, los negros fugitivos del valle del Patía en las campañas por la Independencia al sur de Nueva Granada.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The fugitive blacks of the Patía valley participated alongside the royalists through a guerrilla system with pillage, road blockades, and arms theft, harassing republican troops until 1816.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Muñoz refiere la promesa realizada por Nicolás de la Peña Montenegro de otorgar la libertad a los esclavizados en nombre del Congreso de Quito, un discurso nacionalista y de igualdad racial”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Un”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El asedio permanente de la flota rebelde y la propagación de las ideas de Independencia difundidas por entusiastas curas de los pueblos costeños crearon un ambiente de desconfianza entre las autoridades de Gobierno.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mediante un repertorio de comportamientos políticos, como el cimarronaje, la negociación, el enfrentamiento violento, la propagación de rumores o el litigio judicial, lucharon por llevar adelante un proyecto que suponía preservar la reproducción material y autonomía de vida, así como las formas de la identidad individual y colectiva en la que etnicidad y territorio estaban fuertemente entrelazadas”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“los mineros en una zona de frontera, de ecología selvática de difícil acceso, debían realizar altas inversiones para poner a producir las minas frente a una incierta recuperación económica.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Estos conflictos políticos internos fortalecieron a los realistas en torno al liderazgo del presidente Toribio Montes e impidieron a la insurgencia detener a las fuerzas militares que avanzaban desde Lima (Rodríguez, 2006, p. 77-79).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Rodríguez, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“los esclavizados de Esmeraldas en las contiendas por la Independencia, período de convulsión social, se mostraron políticamente activos, afectando con su participación la serie de acontecimientos que se suscitaron en esta región.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A pesar de este aparente estado de calma, existía una tensión social que amenazaba con desatar la anarquía y el desorden.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La intención política de estos sujetos colectivos era terminar con las antiguas relaciones de sujeción esclavista en la región, continuar con el control y laboreo de las minas y obtener del nuevo Estado la legitimación de sus sociedades mediante el reconocimiento de su condición de libres y de la propiedad colectiva del territorio.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Una vez alineados con la insurgencia participaron como soldados, utilizaron la protesta social, la fuga y el uso libertario de formas de comunicación, provocando un ambiente de subversión y desconcierto entre las fuerzas realistas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unas prácticas que permitieron la construcción de una identidad de resistencia en unos territorios-frontera a lo que ellos denominaron el”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pues la liberación de los esclavizados, así como construir otra realidad social y política, que diera fin a las prácticas coercitivas y serviles de marginación y exclusión social, no era un tema considerado en la agenda del Estado republicano, pues los criollos que lideraron la Independencia eran los ideólogos del nuevo orden político, tenían el poder, monopolizaban la tierra y sostenían el”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Una retórica imaginaria que no contempló la realidad étnica y social de la región de Esmeraldas ni consideró sus demandas como parte del proyecto independentista, si bien en cierto momento prometieron la libertad a los esclavizados, lo hicieron por conveniencias político-militares o fines defensivos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The archival documents cited are authentic and reliable accounts of the events they describe.
“En las cartas de Pedro Pérez Muñoz, terrateniente del valle del Chota y señor de minas del real de Cachavi se relata sobre el trayecto de las tropas rebeldes hacia la Costa.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The enslaved people of Esmeraldas fought as montoneros in a disorderly manner without a structured plan, due to limited military training and scarce armament.
“lo que suponemos ocurrió con los esclavizados de Esmeraldas, debido al limitado adiestramiento militar y escaso armamento con que contaban”
The paper relies on this without support.
The fugitive blacks of the Patía valley participated alongside the royalists through a guerrilla system with pillage, road blockades, and arms theft, harassing republican troops until 1816.
“Los patianos participaron junto a los realistas a través de un sistema de guerrilla que desarrolló efectivas actividades de pillaje, bloqueo de vías y robo de armamento, hostigando a las tropas republicanas en su avance hacia el sur hasta 1816.”
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Novoa, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar - Ecuador
- Venue
- SATHIRI
- Published
- 2016-06-30
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 273-296
- ISSN
- 1390-6925 (ISSN-L)
- 2631-2905
- OpenAlex
- W2941957192
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- SATHIRI (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Historical Studies in Latin America
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Colonialism, slavery, and trade
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Afro-Latin American Studies
- Keywords
- enslaved people, Esmeraldas, wars of independence, Spanish American independence, collective identity, ethnic construction, republican citizenship, emancipation, social order
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
