The DOI matches its Crossref record; none of the 26 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight
Open accessAbstract
There are numerous applications for microalgae in spaceflight missions and on Earth, such as, oxygen production, carbon dioxide removal, nutrition, wastewater processing, and biofuel production. Space Algae-2 aims to test the genetic stability of Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as spirulina, during six-months of continuous culture in spaceflight on the International Space Station. Long-duration exposure to ionizing radiation and microgravity may impact growth, nutrient composition, and genetic stability. The high protein, vitamin, antioxidant content, and radiation resistance make spirulina a promising candidate for bioregenerative life support systems during long-duration missions. A concept of operations was developed to grow and harvest algal biomass in space. Preflight testing experiments were conducted to optimize conditions for an extended growth period in a gas permeable bioreactor bag. Preflight and post-harvest storage methods were developed in addition to a novel cryopreservation method. After sample return, multi-omics analysis will be conducted to determine the mutation rate, gene expression, and protein and metabolite profile. The concept of operations for Space Algae-2 was tested at HI-SEAS (Hawai'i Space Exploration Analog and Simulation) during a six-day lunar analog mission (EMMIHS23, EuroMoonMars, International MoonBase Alliance, HI-SEAS, 2023). A. platensis was grown in the semi-controlled environment using flight-like hardware and solar powered LED lights. Then, the biomass was harvested and used to supplement bread as an example of A. platensis utilization. Overall, the data collected from Space Algae-2 will inform potential bioengineering of spirulina for space and terrestrial applications.
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42 Own result · 23 Not checked yet · 17 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · 3 Own method
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“Stored lyophilized media had no change in pH regardless of storage temperature.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > C. Culture Media Stability
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In the paper
“However, the contamination did not seem to impact the growth of the ZM+Glucose B cultures.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > B. Pre-flight dark storage
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In the paper
“There was no statistical difference between the three groups based on single factor ANOVA (p = 0.23).”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > E. Cryopreservation
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In the paper
“The average OD750 on day 14 or 15 was 1.3 ± 0.2 standard deviation.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > F. Flight Procedure Testing
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In the paper
“The average OD for the ZM+Glucose B condition throughout dark storage was 0.041 ± 0.016 standard deviation, and viability was tested weekly by growing 1 mL of the culture in continuous light for seven days.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > B. Pre-flight dark storage
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“After nine weeks of dark storage the cultures grew at a comparable or faster rate than the control when returned to light.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > B. Pre-flight dark storage
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In the paper
“One of three non-supplemented ZM cultures showed no growth.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > B. Pre-flight dark storage
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In the paper
“We have observed that pre-and post-freeze morphology is similar with this method.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
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“Tests for growth stability over multiple passages showed that fluctuations in the OD at passage did not impact the final OD of the next cycle of growth (Figure 6).”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > IV. Discussion
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In the paper
“Our results suggest that exposure to low levels of light throughout storage is beneficial to the cultures.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > IV. Discussion
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
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“The total hands-on time ranged from 74 to 33 minutes and was reduced with practice and procedure optimization (Figure 6a).”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > F. Flight Procedure Testing
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“Media stored for nine months at 37 °C had a pH of 9.9 and lost an average of 6.66 g.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > C. Culture Media Stability
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In the paper
“A Tukey's HSD test found that method 3 was significantly faster than methods 1 and 4.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > D. Biomass Harvesting
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In the paper
“supplemented cultures reached mid-log phase in 21 and 23 days, respectively.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > B. Pre-flight dark storage
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The low temperature and light allowed cultures to grow slowly and reach high density; a similar trend is expected in spaceflight.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > IV. Discussion
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In the paper
“Nine months of storage at ambient temperature (RT) increased the media pH from 9.0 to 9.7 and reduced the bag mass by an average of 1.28 g.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > C. Culture Media Stability
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In the paper
“The average biomass produced in flight-like conditions on day 8, 10, and 15, was 0.28 g/L, 0.60 g/L, and 1.83 g/L, respectively.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > A. Validation of Flight Growth System
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In the paper
“When the flight procedures were tested, the passaging and cryopreservation steps were efficient, but the filtration step was too slow with the 25 mm diameter filter unit even with the included backflow steps.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
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“Method 3 filtered 45 mL of culture with a 47 mm diameter, 1.2 μm nylon filter and had an average flow rate of 35.6 mL/min.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > D. Biomass Harvesting
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“In addition, the nylon membranes are more durable than CN membranes.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > D. Biomass Harvesting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“It is faster overall to split the 100 mL samples and filter through two 47 mm diameter units with 1.2 µm nylon membranes that collect 99-100% of trichomes.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As the cultures reached stationary phase (OD >1.5), culture pH increased as high as pH 12.3 but OD was less predictive in this dense culture stage.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > A. Validation of Flight Growth System
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ZM+Glucose A cultures without weekly sampling had greater variation in growth but all cultures grew to a sufficient density for passaging.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > B. Pre-flight dark storage
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Liquid ZM stored for nine months successfully grew A. platensis cultures but resulted in a lower final OD compared to a fresh media control and lyophilized ZM.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > IV. Discussion
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In the paper
“Important for processing in microgravity, the syringe filter concentration method retained the liquids and the biomass from each bag was successfully collected onto a filter membrane.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > G. Lunar Analog Study
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In the paper
“The lighting and temperature were optimized to extend the FEP growth cycle to 14-17 days to reduce the number of crew activities needed for to grow algae continuously for 5-6 months.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > A. Validation of Flight Growth System
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Long-duration ionizing radiation and microgravity exposure may affect growth, nutrient composition, and genetic stability.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 0.16 g dry mass was baked into bread, which equated to 5.3% of a 3 g serving.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
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In the paper
“Glycerol supplementation resulted in cell death and was not included in longer term testing.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > B. Pre-flight dark storage
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The glucose supplemented culture grew immediately upon exposure to continuous light and reached peak OD750 in 14 days.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > B. Pre-flight dark storage
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TF filtration is also time consuming and requires more materials than syringe filtration.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This project flew a 50 mL membrane PBR of L. indica for four weeks aboard the ISS and found that microgravity had no significant effect on its oxygen production rate.7”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] 7. L. Poughon, C. Creuly, F. Godia, N. Leys, and C.G. Dussap, "Photobioreactor Limnospira indica Growth Model: Application From the MELiSSA Plant Pilot Scale to ISS Flight Experiment," Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 700277, 2021.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ESA planned a long-duration growth experiment with Chlorella vulgaris, but the hardware had an unexplained power failure after two weeks of operation.8,9”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] 8. G. Detrell, H. Helisch, J. Keppler, J. Martin, N. Henn, S. Fasoulas, and R. Ewald, "PBR@LSR: the Algae-based Photobioreactor Experiment at the ISS -Operations and Results," 49 th International Conference on Environmental Systems, July, 2020.
- Not checked yetcites [9] 9. H. Helisch, J. Keppler, G. Detrell, S. Belz, R. Ewald, S. Fasoulas, and A.G. Heyer, "High density long-term cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris SAG 211-12 in a novel microgravity-capable membrane raceway photobioreactor for future bioregenerative life support in SPACE," Life Sciences in Space Research, Vol. 24, 2020, pp. 91-107.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Industrial-scale spirulina production occurs in open ponds to produce edible biomass and pigments.6”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] 6. F. Delrue, E. Alaux, L. Moudjaoui, C. Gaignard, G. Fleury, A. Perilhou, P. Richaud, M. Petitjean, and J.F. Sassi, "Optimization of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) growth: From laboratory scale to pilot scale," Fermentation, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2017.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since the 1960's there have been many short duration spaceflight experiments with microalgae.2,3”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] 2. D. Häder, "On the Way to Mars-Flagellated Algae in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems Under Microgravity Conditions," Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 10, No. 1621, 2020.
- Not checked yetcites [3] 3. T. Niederwieser, P. Kociolek, and D. Klaus, "A review of algal research in space," Acta Astronautica, Vol. 146, March 2018, pp. 359-367.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Spirulina has been harvested and used as a protein and nutrition source throughout history in Mesoamerica and central Africa.5”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. G. Usharani, P. Saranraj, and D. Kanchana, "Spirulina Cultivation: A Review," International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2012, pp. 1327-1341.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Microalgae and cyanobacteria can help fill these gaps. 1”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] 1. E.D. Revellame, R. Aguda, K.M. Gatdula, W. Holmes, D.L. Fortela, W. Sharp, D. Gang, A. Chistoserdov, R. Hernandez, and M.E. Zappi, "Microalgae in bioregenerative life support systems for space applications," Algal Research, Vol. 77, January 2024, pp. 103332.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Missions with little or no resupply require fresh nutrients and reduced mass.
In the paper
“The cyanobacteria Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as spirulina, is a super food that contains all essential amino acids, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals.4”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. R.A. Soni, K. Sudhakar, and R.S. Rana, "Spirulina -From growth to nutritional product: A review," Trends in Food Science Technology, Vol. 69, September 2017, pp. 157-171.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The HI-SEAS Space Algae-2 experiment showed that algae can be grown in a semi-controlled environment with minimal resources and used to make a nutritional product.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“E. coli has shown changes in mutation rate and differentially expressed genes involved in lipid metabolism, cell motility, and cellular transport among others.10”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] 10. G. Senatore, F. Mastroleo, N. Leys, and G. Mauriello, "Effect of microgravity & space radiation on microbes," Future Microbiology, Vol. 13, No. 7, 2018, pp. 831-847.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The radiation response included single stranded DNA repair mechanisms, induction of a group of conserved proteins with unknown function, and a dose dependent delay in growth due to reduced expression of genes involved in photosynthesis.15”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] 15. H. Badri, P. Monsieurs, I. Coninx, R. Nauts, R. Wattiez, and N. Leys, "Temporal gene expression of the cyanobacterium arthrospira in response to gamma rays," PLoS One, Vol. 10, No. 8, 2015.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dewatering and concentration of spirulina biomass is a challenging bottleneck of production on earth, and in space it will be more difficult without the help of gravity.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As desiccation has been shown to cause viability loss, metabolic changes, and a long reactivation phase; 20”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > Transient high dose radiation experiments may not accurately represent organism responses to long-duration, low dose radiation from either low Earth orbit or deep space.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] 20. I.A. Kharchuk, "Changes in Morphometric Indices of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis Cells and Trichomes during Dehydration and the Reactivation Period," Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 67, No. 4, 2020, pp. 680- 689.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C. reinhardtii was susceptible to ionizing radiation and had an approximately 50% increase in mutational load compared to the ground control (manuscript in preparation).”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites manuscript in preparation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiments highlighted the need for simple culture methods and a long-duration experiment to verify that multiple growth cycles in space are possible.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Short high-dose radiation experiments may not represent how organisms respond to long-duration, low-dose radiation in low Earth orbit or deep space.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each of the six 100 mL culture bags will produce approximately 180 mg of dry mass, which is projected to be sufficient for two technical replicate omics and nutritional analysis for each culture.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cryopreservation method described in this study is the result of a significant optimization experiment campaign (data not shown, manuscript in preparation).”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spirulina is continuously cultured in industry and laboratories and is not prone to contamination in PBRs due to the high pH of the media (9-11.5).”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > IV. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The resulting A. platensis biomass was used to increase the nutritional value of a food source and show a practical application for future space nutrition.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > Transient high dose radiation experiments may not accurately represent organism responses to long-duration, low dose radiation from either low Earth orbit or deep space.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Li et al. reviewed bacterial growth in spaceflight and suggested that extracellular mass transfer mechanisms play a major role in the effect of microgravity; however, results are highly dependent on experimental design and bacterial strain.11”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] 11. W. Li, A.M. Diaz, T. Irwin, A.E. Orourke, and L.M. Calle, "Microgravity Effect on Bacterial Growth: A Literature Review," 51st International Conference on Environmental Systems, July, 2022.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For future oxygen production and CO2 removal in spaceflight, an optimized 20 L bioreactor could support one crew member.31”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] 31. J. Fahrion, F. Mastroleo, C.G. Dussap, and N. Leys, "Use of Photobioreactors in Regenerative Life Support Systems for Human Space Exploration," Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 12, No. 699525, 2021.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have determined the culturing parameters, storage conditions, and harvesting procedure for spirulina growth on the ISS.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > V. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Results from ground and lunar analog studies predict how the cyanobacterial cultures will behave in actual spaceflight and microgravity.
In the paper
“Its relatively small genome size of 6.8 mega base pairs allows for deep sequencing of single nucleotide polymorphisms.16”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > Transient high dose radiation experiments may not accurately represent organism responses to long-duration, low dose radiation from either low Earth orbit or deep space.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] 16. H. Shiraishi, and H. Nishida, "Complete Genome Sequence of the Edible Filamentous Cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis NIES-39, Based on Long-Read Sequencing," Microbiology Resource Announcements, December 2022.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While filter concentration is one of the industry standards for spirulina harvesting, it is a major bottleneck of production.21”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > Transient high dose radiation experiments may not accurately represent organism responses to long-duration, low dose radiation from either low Earth orbit or deep space.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] 21. J. Tallec, M. Vandermies, C. Coene, B. Lamaze-Lefebvre, D. Demey, M. Frappart, and E. Couallier, "Implementation of an automated process for Limnospira indica harvesting and culture medium recycling for space applications," Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Vol. 10, December 2023.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, contamination is unlikely due to the high pH and lack of sugar in the medium.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Non-motile organisms often have improved growth in space because the lack of sedimentation improves nutrient uptake.This improvement is less common in motile organisms.11”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > IV. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] 11. W. Li, A.M. Diaz, T. Irwin, A.E. Orourke, and L.M. Calle, "Microgravity Effect on Bacterial Growth: A Literature Review," 51st International Conference on Environmental Systems, July, 2022.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Due to the lack of convective mixing, mass transfer of nutrients and waste products occurs through diffusion, which can slow the growth rate and lead to higher yields.11”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > IV. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] 11. W. Li, A.M. Diaz, T. Irwin, A.E. Orourke, and L.M. Calle, "Microgravity Effect on Bacterial Growth: A Literature Review," 51st International Conference on Environmental Systems, July, 2022.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The baking temperature pasteurizes the culture and reduces the risk of ingesting other live microbes that might contaminate a spirulina culture.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > International Conference on Environmental Systems
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FEP bags are simple, reliable bioreactors for A. platensis and will provide containment during spaceflight with sufficient gas exchange.”
§ Space Algae-2 Ground and Lunar Analog Studies in Preparation for Long-Duration Propagation of Cyanobacteria in Spaceflight > IV. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Results from ground and lunar analog studies predict how the cyanobacterial cultures will behave in actual spaceflight and microgravity.
The paper relies on this without support.
Missions with little or no resupply require fresh nutrients and reduced mass.
“Fresh nutrients and reduced mass are essential for missions with little to no re-supply.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Spirulina is generally recognized as a food-safe microbe (GRAS) by the FDA.
“Today, spirulina is consumed as a food additive and supplement, and is generally regarded as a food-safe microbe (GRAS designation) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Microgravity and ionizing radiation are the main abiotic stressors in space.
“The main sources of abiotic stress in space are microgravity and ionizing radiation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Space-grown organisms have shown new phenotypes in growth cycle, cell morphology, and metabolic activity.
“Organisms grown in space have exhibited novel phenotypes in growth cycle, cell morphology and metabolic activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Short high-dose radiation experiments may not represent how organisms respond to long-duration, low-dose radiation in low Earth orbit or deep space.
“Transient high dose radiation experiments may not accurately represent organism responses to long-duration, low dose radiation from either low Earth orbit or deep space.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Long-duration ionizing radiation and microgravity exposure may affect growth, nutrient composition, and genetic stability.
“Long-duration exposure to ionizing radiation and microgravity may impact growth, nutrient composition, and genetic stability.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Results from ground and lunar analog studies predict how the cyanobacterial cultures will behave in actual spaceflight and microgravity.
“The low temperature and light allowed cultures to grow slowly and reach high density; a similar trend is expected in spaceflight.”
“FEP bags are simple, reliable bioreactors for A. platensis and will provide containment during spaceflight with sufficient gas exchange.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A 14-day culture period will allow a sustained culture duration of 5–6 months.
“To limit crew time and achieve a sustained culture duration of 5-6 months, the culture period for Space Algae-2 was lengthened to 14 days.”
Citations
Cites
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Srinuanpan, S. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1017558
Metadata
- Authors
- Fisher, K. E., Saban, K. E., Broddrick, J. T., & Settles, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Ames Research Center (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- 53rd International Conference on Environmental Systems
- Published
- 2024-07-21
- OpenAlex
- W7160271677
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2
- FWCI
- 5.99
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES) (publishedVersion)
- ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- University of Minnesota
- Ames Research Center
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Keywords
- Spirulina platensis, Spirulina, cyanobacteria, long-duration spaceflight, bioregenerative life support, ionizing radiation effects, microgravity, genetic stability, cryopreservation, algal harvesting, oxygen production, multi-omics, mutation rate, gene expression, metabolite profiling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-01, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-01 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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