Cited by 776Digital Radiography and Breast ImagingGlobal Cancer Incidence and ScreeningWomen's cancer prevention and management

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American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening: Update 2003

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Smith, R. A., Saslow, D., Andrews Sawyer, K., Burke, W., Costanza, M. E., Evans, W. P., Foster, R. S., Hendrick, E., Eyre, H. J., Sener, S.·2003·CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians

DOI 10.3322/canjclin.53.3.141

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Abstract

In 2003, the American Cancer Society updated its guidelines for early detection of breast cancer based on recommendations from a formal review of evidence and a recent workshop. The new screening recommendations address screening mammography, physical examination, screening older women and women with comorbid conditions, screening women at high risk, and new screening technologies.

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Breast cancer screening: the evolving evidence.
Smith, R. A., Duffy, S. W., & Tabár, L. K. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 78
Self-citation
The Incremental Contribution of Clinical Breast Examination to Invasive Cancer Detection in a Mammography Screening Program
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Background
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“…recognize changes in their breast (see new guidelines, www.cancer.org, especially for younger women for whom regular mammography is not recommended, Smith et al., 2003), it is obviously important to explore the applicability of this analysis to mammography, which has been found effective in…”
Background
Effect of Patient Navigation on Breast Cancer Screening Among African American Medicare Beneficiaries: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Marshall, J. K., Mbah, O., Ford, J. G., Phelan-Emrick, D. F., Ahmed, S., Bone, L., Wenzel, J. A., Shapiro, G. R., Howerton, M. W., Johnson, L. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3484-2 · Cited by 76
A Comparison of Two Native American Navigator Formats: Face-to-Face and Telephone
Dignan, M., Burhansstipanov, L., Hariton, J., Harj, L., Rattler, T., Lee, R. A., & Mason, M. A. (2005) · Cancer Control · doi:10.1177/1073274805012004s05 · Cited by 76
Health Beliefs Related to Breast Self-Examination in a Sample of Turkish Women
Nahcivan, N., & Seçginli, S. (2007) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/07.onf.425-432 · Cited by 76
“Several health authorities have recommended monthly BSE for all women as an effective primary tool in early breast cancer detection (Anderson et al., 2003; Apantaku, 2000; Smith et al., 2003; Susan G. Komen for the Cure, 2007).”
Method
Estimated Effects of the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program on Breast Cancer Mortality
Hoerger, T. J., Ekwueme, D. U., Miller, J. W., Uzunangelov, V., Hall, I. J., Segel, J. E., Royalty, J., Gardner, J. G., Smith, J. L., & Li, C. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.017 · Cited by 74
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening
Ludman, E. J., Ichikawa, L., Simon, G. E., Rohde, P., Arterburn, D. E., Operskalski, B. H., Linde, J. A., & Jeffery, R. W. (2010) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.039 · Cited by 74
Treatment Trends and Factors Associated with Survival in T1aN0 and T1bN0 Breast Cancer Patients
Kennedy, T. J., Stewart, A. K., Bilimoria, K. Y., Patel‐Parekh, L., Sener, S. F., & Winchester, D. P. (2007) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-007-9441-5 · Cited by 73
Self-citation
Formal Design Methods for Reliable Computer-Aided Diagnosis: A Review
Faust, O., Acharya, U. R., & TAMURA, T. (2012) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2012.2184750 · Cited by 73
Current knowledge, attitudes and practices of women on breast cancer and mammography at Mulago Hospital
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The Effect of Access and Satisfaction on Regular Mammogram and Papanicolaou Test Screening in a Multiethnic Population
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Spatial Equity in Facilities Providing Low- or No-Fee Screening Mammography in Chicago Neighborhoods
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Coyner, A. S., Swan, R., Campbell, J. P., Ostmo, S. R., Brown, J. M., Kalpathy–Cramer, J., Kim, S. J., Jonas, K. E., Chan, R. V. P., Chiang, M. F., et al. (2019) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2019.01.015 · Cited by 70
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“It is suggested that women at a high risk of developing breast cancer should perform a monthly breast self-examination, and also undergo bi-annual clinical examination [41, 42 ] and annual digital mammography.”
Background
Knowledge, awareness, and practices concerning breast cancer among Kuwaiti female school teachers
Al-Harbi, N. A., Alshammari, M. S., Almutairi, B. M., Makboul, G., & El-Shazly, M. K. (2011) · Alexandria Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2011.10.003 · Cited by 69
Modeling the dissemination of mammography in the United States
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“Screening mammography has been widely used in practice and current screening guidelines recommend annual screening [ 1 ] or screening every one to two years [2] for women ages 40 and over.”
Method
Breast cancer screening beliefs, recommendations and practices
Meissner, H. I., Klabunde, C. N., Han, P. K. J., Benard, V. B., & Breen, N. (2011) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.25873 · Cited by 66
Odors and cancer: Current status and future directions
Gouzerh, F., Bessière, J., Újvári, B., Frédéric Thomas, A., Dujon, A. M., & Dormont, L. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188644 · Cited by 66
Bildgebende Diagnostik des Mammakarzinoms
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Adolescent Immunizations and Other Clinical Preventive Services: A Needle and a Hook?
Broder, K. R., Cohn, A. C., Schwartz, B., Klein, J. D., Fisher, M., Fishbein, D. B., Sells, C. M. M., Burstein, G. R., Vernon-Smiley, M. E., McCauley, M. M., et al. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1115d · Cited by 65
Diagnosis of breast cancer in women age 40 and younger: delays in diagnosis result from underuse of genetic testing and breast imaging
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Translating genomic biomarkers into clinically useful diagnostics
Ginsburg, G. S., & Haga, S. B. (2006) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1586/14737159.6.2.179 · Cited by 62
Screening Mammography Benefit Controversies
Feig, S. A. (2014) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2014.02.009 · Cited by 65
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening and Health Beliefs Among African American Women Attending Educational Programs
Ochoa‐Frongia, L., Thompson, H. S., Lewis-Kelly, Y., Deans-McFarlane, T., & Jandorf, L. H. (2011) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/1524839910385900 · Cited by 62
“The ACS recommends that women at average risk for developing breast cancer begin annual mammography at age 40 years and have a clinical breast exam annually and that women in their 20s and 30s have a clinical breast exam at least every 3 years (Smith et al., 2003).”
Background
The Effect of Budgetary Restrictions on Breast Cancer Diagnostic Decisions
Ayvaci, M., Alagöz, O., & Burnside, E. S. (2012) · Manufacturing & Service Operations Management · doi:10.1287/msom.1110.0371 · Cited by 59
“However, there is limited evidence for these technologies to justify their use in low-risk populations (Smith et al. 2003).”
Background
Impact of screening mammography on breast cancer mortality
Bleyer, A., Baines, C. J., & Miller, A. B. (2015) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29925 · Cited by 62
Perceived risk for breast cancer and its relationship to mammography in Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites
Orom, H., Kiviniemi, M. T., Shavers, V. L., Ross, L., & Underwood, W. (2012) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-012-9443-z · Cited by 61
“…a mammogram was only examined in women 40 years and older because in 2003, most major guidelines advised women at average risk for breast cancer to begin receiving mammograms every one or one to two years starting at age 40 (Smith et al., 2003; United States Preventive Services Task Force, 2002).”
Background
Targeted Ultrasound in Women Younger Than 30 Years With Focal Breast Signs or Symptoms: Outcomes Analyses and Management Implications
Loving, V. A., DeMartini, W. B., Eby, P. R., Gutierrez, R. L., Peacock, S., & Lehman, C. D. (2010) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.10.4396 · Cited by 60
Cross-national comparison of screening mammography accuracy measures in U.S., Norway, and Spain
Domingo, L., Hofvind, S. S. H., Hubbard, R. A., Román, M., Benkeser, D. C., Sala, M., & Castells, X. (2015) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-015-4074-8 · Cited by 59
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Tieu, M. T., Çiğşar, C., Ahmed, S. T., Ng, A. K., Diller, L., Millar, B., Crystal, P., & Hodgson, D. C. (2014) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28747 · Cited by 58
Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Screening Mammography Use in Older US Women
Mehta, K. M., Fung, K. Z., Kistler, C. E., Chang, A., & Walter, L. C. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.158485 · Cited by 58
Impact of Mailed and Automated Telephone Reminders on Receipt of Repeat Mammograms
DeFrank, J. T., Rimer, B. K., Gierisch, J. M., Bowling, J. M., Farrell, D. W., & Skinner, C. S. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.032 · Cited by 57
Perceived risk of breast cancer among Latinas attending community clinics: risk comprehension and relationship with mammography adherence
Graves, K. D., Huerta, E. E., Cullen, J. C., Kaufman, E. M., Sheppard, V. B., Luta, G., Isaacs, C. J., Schwartz, M. D., & Mandelblatt, J. S. (2008) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-008-9209-7 · Cited by 56
“Other agencies (e.g., American Cancer Society) had different recommendations in 2002, such that women over age 50 should have a mammogram every year [ 42 ].”
Breast Cancer Risk Perception, Benefits of and Barriers to Mammography Adherence Among a Group of Iranian Women
Allahverdipour, H., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Emami, A. (2011) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2011.564273 · Cited by 56
“Based on the American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening (Smith et al., 2003), women who were 40 years of age and older were recruited.”
MethodInfluential
Change in breast self-examination behavior: Effects of intervention on enhancing self-efficacy
Łuszczyńska, A. (2004) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1102_5 · Cited by 55
“Schwarzer, 2001 ). Recent studies have shown that implementation intentions promote the attainment of a goal by helping people initiate a behavior change (cf.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Factors associated with annual-interval mammography for women in their 40s
Gierisch, J. M., O’Neill, S. C., Rimer, B. K., DeFrank, J. T., Bowling, J. M., & Skinner, C. S. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.cdp.2009.03.001 · Cited by 55
Risk‐Reduction Surgery Decisions in High‐Risk Women Seen for Genetic Counseling
Ray, J. A., Loescher, L. J., & Brewer, M. (2005) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-005-5833-5 · Cited by 53
“According to the ACS guidelines (p. 143), “the evidence currently available is insufficient to justify recommendations for any of these screening approaches” in high-risk women (Smith et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluential
Identifying and Testing for Hereditary Susceptibility to Common Cancers
Sifri, R., Gangadharappa, S., & Acheson, L. S. (2004) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.6.309 · Cited by 54
Breast Cancer
Colditz, G. A., Baer, H. J., & M., T. R. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0051 · Cited by 54
Transgender Primary Medical Care
Feldman, J., & Goldberg, J. M. (2006) · International Journal of Transgenderism · doi:10.1300/j485v09n03_02 · Cited by 54
“Annual screening with mammography has shown a demonstrated significant benefit for natalwomen age50 and over, and a lesser benefit for women ages 40 to 50 years (Humphrey, Helfand, Chan, & Woolf, 2005; Olsen & Gotzsche, 2001; Smith et al., 2003).”
Background
Sexual Orientation and Intentions to Obtain Breast Cancer Screening
Hart, S. L., & Bowen, D. (2009) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2007.0447 · Cited by 53
“25,26 We hypothesized that greater negative beliefs about mammography, lower perceived risk of breast cancer, less fear about breast cancer, and greater negative attitudes toward providers—attitudes previously shown to be associated with decreased levels of breast cancer screening in the general…”
Breast Cancer: Early Detection
Schreer, I., & Lüttges, J. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-26664-x_35 · Cited by 53
Perceived Racial Discrimination and Nonadherence to Screening Mammography Guidelines: Results from the Race Differences in the Screening Mammography Process Study
Dailey, A. B., Kasl, S. V., Holford, T. R., & Jones, B. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm004 · Cited by 52
“Women older than age 79 years were also excluded because of a lack of consensus with regard to screening recommendations for older women ( 31 , 32).”
Background
Breast Cancer Screening and Social Media: a Content Analysis of Evidence Use and Guideline Opinions on Twitter
Nastasi, A. J., Bryant, T. S., Canner, J. K., Dredze, M. H., Camp, M. S., & Nagarajan, N. (2017) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-017-1168-9 · Cited by 53
Comparison of Clinical-Pathologic Characteristics and Outcomes of True Interval and Screen-Detected Invasive Breast Cancer Among Participants of a Canadian Breast Screening Program: A Nested Case-Control Study
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“Based on the evidence, there is doubt as to the usefulness of BSE in diagnosis of breast cancer (Smith et al., 2003).”
Background
Overview of the genetic basis toward early detection of breast cancer
Silva, S. D., Tennekoon, K. H., & Karunanayake, E. H. (2019) · Breast Cancer Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/bctt.s185870 · Cited by 56
Use of Modeling to Evaluate the Cost-Effectiveness of Cancer Screening Programs
Knudsen, A. B., McMahon, P. M., & Gazelle, G. S. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2006.07.9202 · Cited by 51
The Role of Financial Factors in Acceptance of Clinical BRCA Genetic Testing
Kieran, S. M., Loescher, L. J., & Lim, K. H. (2007) · Genetic Testing · doi:10.1089/gte.2006.9999 · Cited by 50
“2002; Smith et al .”
Body mass index and use of mammography screening in the United States
Zhu, K., Wu, H., Jatoi, I., Potter, J. D., & Shriver, C. D. (2006) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.01.020 · Cited by 50
Breast reconstruction options following mastectomy.
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Comparison of standard mammography with digital mammography and digital infrared thermal imaging for breast cancer screening
Kosus, N., Kosus, A., Duran, M., Simavli, S., & Turhan, N. (2010) · Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association · doi:10.5152/jtgga.2010.24 · Cited by 49
2008 update of the guideline: early detection of breast cancer in Germany
Albert, U., Altland, H., Duda, V. F., Engel, J., Geraedts, M., Heywang-Köbrunner, S. H., Hölzel, D., Kalbheim, E., Koller, M. T., König, K., et al. (2008) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-008-0450-y · Cited by 49
“GA [Smith et al. 2003; National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) 2007a)], A. Carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or women with a high risk proWle deWned as a heterozygotic risk of ¸20% or a residual life-long risk of ¸30% should be counseled and looked after in the specialized centers for…”
BackgroundInfluential
Oligogenic combinations associated with breast cancer risk in women under 53�years of age
Aston, C. E., Ralph, D. A., Lalo, D., Manjeshwar, S., Gramling, B. A., DeFreese, D. C., West, A. D., Branam, D. E., Thompson, L. F., Craft, M., et al. (2004) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1206-7 · Cited by 49
“Improved clinical risk assessment to identify those women at highest risk, regardless of family history, would assist in directing the use of mammography, sonography, and breast magnetic resonance imaging, perhaps leading to the earlier identification of breast cancer (Smith et al. 2003).”
Background
Knowledge, attitude and practice about breast cancer and breast self-examination among women seeking out-patient care in a teaching hospital in central India
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Nemenqani, D. M., Abdelmaqsoud, S., Al-Malki, A.-H. A., Oraija, A. A., & Al-Otaibi, E. M. (2014) · Open Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojpm.2014.42011 · Cited by 48
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Siegal, G., Listinsky, C. M., Listinsky, J. J., Singh, R., Kucik, D. F., & Yuan, K. (2008) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.32.4.797 · Cited by 48
Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for integrating MRI into breast cancer screening for women at high risk
Ahern, C. H., Shih, Y. T., Dong, W., Parmigiani, G., & Shen, Y. (2014) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.458 · Cited by 49
The Evolving Role of MRI in the Detection and Evaluation of Breast Cancer
Smith, R. A. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme078006 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Estrogen and pure antiestrogen fulvestrant (ICI 182 780) augment cell–matrigel adhesion of MCF-7 breast cancer cells through a novel G protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30)-to-calpain signaling axis
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Feig, S. A. (2004) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2004.06.013 · Cited by 40
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Authors: Smith, R. A., Saslow, D., Andrews Sawyer, K., Burke, W., Costanza, M. E., Evans, W. P., Foster, R. S., Hendrick, E., Eyre, H. J., & Sener, S.
Affiliations: American Cancer Society (US)
University of Washington (US)
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
Emory University (US)
Northwestern Memorial Hospital (US)
ORCID: Burke, W.
Foster, R. S.
Sener, S.
Venue: CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-05-01
Volume: 53
Issue: 3
Pages: 141-169
ISSN: 0007-9235 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.53.3.141
OpenAlex: W2097419638
Semantic Scholar: 619b6508217b034bd82e1d144557e3e04028b44d
Cited by: 770
References: 173
Citations by year: 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 42
FWCI: 40.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 4506 d)
Locations: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship@UMassChan (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Digital Radiography and Breast Imaging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Women's cancer prevention and management
Keywords: breast cancer screening, early detection, mammography screening, clinical breast examination, older women, comorbidities, high-risk women, screening technologies, American Cancer Society guidelines
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Breast Neoplasms, Diagnostic Imaging, Female, Humans, Mammography, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Physical Examination, Risk Factors

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American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Cancer Screening: Update 2003

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