Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 708

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Econometric Methods for Fractional Response Variables with an Application to 401(k) Plan Participation Rates

Open access
Papke, Leslie, Wooldridge, Jeffrey·1993·National Bureau of Economic Research
DOI 10.3386/t0147
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We offer simple quasi-likelihood methods for estimating regression models with a fractional dependent variable and for performing asymptotically valid inference. Compared with log-odds type procedures, there is no difficulty in recovering the regression function for the fractional variable, and there is no need to use ad hoc transformations to handle data at the extreme values of zero and one. We also offer some new, simple specification tests by nesting the logit or probit function in a more general functional form. We apply these methods to a data set of employee participation rates in 401(k) pension plans.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3386/t0147

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 6 references

Cited by

See all 708

Metadata

Authors
Papke, L., & Wooldridge, J.
Venue
National Bureau of Economic Research
Publisher
National Bureau of Economic Research
Published
1993-11
DOI
10.3386/t0147
OpenAlex
W1989237447
Cited by
708
References
6
Type
report
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Econometric Methods for Fractional Response Variables with an Application to 401(k) Plan Participation Rates. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3386/t0147
The paper
Papke, L., & Wooldridge, J. (1993). Econometric Methods for Fractional Response Variables with an Application to 401(k) Plan Participation Rates. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/t0147

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.