The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments
Open accessAbstract
This paper develops asymptotic distribution theory for instrumental variable regression when the partial correlation between the instruments and a single included endogenous variable is weak, here modeled as local to zero. Asymptotic representations are provided for various instrumental variable statistics, including the two-stage least squares (TSLS) and limited information maximum- likelihood (LIML) estimators and their t-statistics. The asymptotic distributions are found to provide good approximations to sampling distributions with just 20 observations per instrument. Even in large samples, TSLS can be badly biased, but LIML is, in many cases, approximately median unbiased. The theory suggests concrete quantitative guidelines for applied work. These guidelines help to interpret Angrist and Krueger's (1991) estimates of the returns to education: whereas TSLS estimates with many instruments approach the OLS estimate of 6%, the more reliable LIML and TSLS estimates with fewer instruments fall between 8% and 10%, with a typical confidence interval of (6%, 14%).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In either of these situations, controlling for such a covariate could bias the MR effect estimate.55–57”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“Another type of bias that can arise in MR studies that cannot be easily corrected for is selection bias64 In an MR study, an example of selection bias would be if an individual’s exposure and outcome values affected their participation.57”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,009
Fringe benefits and job satisfaction
Artz, B. (2010) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/01437721011073346 · Cited by 144
Individual Wealth, Reservation Wages, and Transitions into Employment
Bloemen, H., & Stancanelli, E. (2001) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/319566 · Cited by 144
Corruption And Productivity : Firm-Level Evidence From The BEEPS Survey
Rosa, D. D., Gooroochurn, N., & Görg, H. (2010) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-5348 · Cited by 144
Foreign multinationals and domestic innovation: Intra-industry effects and firm heterogeneity
Crescenzi, R., Gagliardi, L., & Iammarino, S. (2015) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.12.009 · Cited by 142
“Finally, first stage statistics reported in Table 5 support the reliability of our IV approach through a F statistics that is in line with the ‘rule of thumb’ proposed by Staiger and Stock (1997) and the Stock and Yogo (2005) threshold values.”
MethodUnemployment and consumption near and far away from the Mediterranean
Bentolila, S., & Ichino, A. (2006) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-006-0081-z · Cited by 142
“Its first difference, ∆Mit, is evidently correlated with our variable of interest, ∆Uit (which is confirmed by F -tests for the inclusion of the IV in the first stage, see Staiger and Stock 1997, reported in the tables).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Impact of Migration and Remittances on Wealth Accumulation and Distribution in Rural Thailand
Garip, F. (2013) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-013-0260-y · Cited by 140
“…and the sample restrictions, the instruments remained strong predictors of migration and remittance decisions in 1994, with F-statistics (displayed in Table 5) typically higher than or close to the lower bound of 10 suggested by Staiger and Stock (1997) to reject the hypothesis of weak instruments.”
BackgroundDisease Ecology, Biodiversity, and the Latitudinal Gradient in Income
Bonds, M. H., Dobson, A. P., & Keenan, D. C. (2012) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001456 · Cited by 143
“00), such that they easily satisfy the ‘‘relevance’’ criterion [68].”
The impact of parental migration on children's school performance in rural China
Zhao, Q., Yu, X., Wang, X., & Glauben, T. (2014) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2014.07.013 · Cited by 144
Effectiveness and efficiency of SME innovation policy
Foreman-Peck, J. S. (2012) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-012-9426-z · Cited by 142
The impact of Health Information Technology bundles on Hospital performance: An econometric study
Sharma, L., Chandrasekaran, A., Boyer, K. K., & McDermott, C. M. (2015) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2015.10.001 · Cited by 151
GalmH, J., Gertler, M. L., & pez-Salido, J. D. L. (2001) · Cited by 139
Growth, public investment and corruption with failing institutions
de la Croix, D., & Delavallade, C. (2008) · Economics of Governance · doi:10.1007/s10101-008-0057-4 · Cited by 143
Poverty and crime in 19th century Germany
Halvor Mehlum, A., Miguel, E. A., & Torvik, R. (2006) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2005.09.007 · Cited by 140
“One-year lagged rainfall again has the strongest effect on current rye prices, and the three rainfall terms are jointly significant and reasonably strong 7 While some historians have claimed that the 1845–1847 food crisis generated popular support for the 1848 revolution, it is interesting to note that the return to n…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effect of carbon dissemination on cost of equity
Albarrak, M. S., Elnahass, M., & Salama, A. (2019) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2310 · Cited by 152
“6The partial R2 is equal to 0.844, with an F statistic higher than the critical value (Staiger & Stock, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialStein, L. C. D., & Yannelis, C. (2019) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhaa013 · Cited by 132
“9, which is large enough to rule out weak instrument concerns (Staiger and Stock, 1997; Stock et al., 2002).”
BackgroundGaĺı, J., Gertler, M. L., & López‐Salido, J. D. (2001) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w8218 · Cited by 141
The many weak instruments problem and Mendelian randomization
Davies, N. M., von Hinke Kessler Scholder, S., Farbmacher, H., Burgess, S., Windmeijer, F., & Smith, G. D. (2015) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6358 · Cited by 140
“The F-statistics for the unweighted and weighted allele scores were 164 and 190, respectively, suggesting that the results based on these instruments are unlikely to suffer from weak instrument bias [12].”
BackgroundSpillovers in Space: Does Geography Matter?
Lychagin, S., Pinkse, J., Slade, M. E., & Reenen, J. M. V. (2016) · Journal of Industrial Economics · doi:10.1111/joie.12103 · Cited by 140
Does the Internet Reduce Corruption? Evidence from U.S. States and across Countries
Andersen, T. B., Bentzen, J., Dalgaard, C., & Selaya, P. (2011) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/lhr025 · Cited by 141
“-Table 5 about here The association between average lightning density and the change in Internet use in column 1, once the influence of initial corruption is partialled out, is close to the " rule-of-thumb " value suggested by Staiger and Stock (1997).”
BackgroundShattered Dreams: The Effects of Changing the Pension System Late In the Game
de Grip, A., Lindeboom, M., & Montizaan, R. M. (2011) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02486.x · Cited by 139
“However, the F-test of the first-stage regression suggests a weak instruments problem (the F-statistic equals 2.53, which is well below the value of 10 suggested by Staiger and Stock, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmployer matching and 401(k) saving: Evidence from the health and retirement study
Engelhardt, G. V., & Kumar, A. (2007) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.02.009 · Cited by 137
The importance of equity finance for R&D activity
Mueller, E., & Zimmermann, V. (2008) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-008-9098-x · Cited by 140
“10 Staiger and Stock (1997) suggest the rule of thumb that instruments are weak, if the test of excluded instruments has an”
Applying Propensity Score Methods in Medical Research: Pitfalls and Prospects
Luo, Z.-H., Gardiner, J., & Bradley, C. (2010) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558710361486 · Cited by 134
“Nevertheless, the strength of the instruments can and should be tested (Staiger & Stock, 1997).”
BackgroundThe Relationship Between Education and Adult Mortality in the U. SPreprint
Lleras‐Muney, A. (2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 140
Liquidity and Arbitrage in the Market for Credit Risk
Nashikkar, A. J., Subrahmanyam, M. G., & Mahanti, S. (2011) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s002210901100007x · Cited by 124
Remittances and Social Spending
Doyle, D. A. (2015) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055415000416 · Cited by 137
“The instrument is suitably strong and a statistically significant predictor of remittances.22 The F statistic for the instrument is 59, well above the suggested threshold of 10 (see Staiger and Stock 1997; Stock and Yogo 2005).”
BackgroundOn Buyer Selection of Service Providers in Online Outsourcing Platforms for IT Services
Hong, Y., & Pavlou, P. A. (2017) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2017.0709 · Cited by 134
“Furthermore, the Angrist–Pischke multivariate F test of excluded instruments is well above 10, alleviating the weak instrument concern (e.g., Angrist and Pischke 2008, Staiger and Stock 1997), beyond the standard Stock–Yogo test statistic.”
BackgroundWild Bootstrap Tests for IV Regression
Davidson, R., & MacKinnon, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1198/jbes.2009.07221 · Cited by 143
“This implies a version of the weak-instrument asymptotics of Staiger and Stock (1997). Consequently, we do not expect any method except AR to work perfectly, even as n → ∞.”
Competing for Securities Underwriting Mandates: Banking Relationships and Analyst RecommendationsPreprint
Ljungqvist, A. P., Marston, F. C., & Wilhelm, W. J. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.408460 · Cited by 426
“Staiger and Stock (1997) show that having valid instruments is not sufficient to ensure unbiased two- stage estimators in finite samples.”
Rural nonfarm income and its impact on agriculture: evidence from Albania
Kilic, T., Carletto, C., Miluka, J., & Savastano, S. (2009) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00366.x · Cited by 140
“errors and across numerous counts of endogenous and instrumental variables, Stock and Yogo (2002) tabulate the critical Cragg-Donald F-statistics from the test of joint significance of excluded instruments from the first-stage regression.”
BackgroundMethodNearly Optimal Tests When a Nuisance Parameter Is Present Under the Null Hypothesis
Elliott, G., Müller, U. K., & Watson, M. W. (2015) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta10535 · Cited by 128
Political promotion and labor investment efficiency
Kong, D., Liu, S., & Xiang, J. (2018) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2018.05.002 · Cited by 137
“Xu (2011) first proposes the conception of RDA, and argue that the central governments has highly centralized over personnel, whereas resources and economic decentralization. The regional competition and experimentation governed by China's RDA regime effectively alleviated potential incentive and informational problem…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGender gap in peer-to-peer lending: Evidence from China
Chen, X., Huang, B., & Ye, D. (2019) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2019.105633 · Cited by 136
Estimating dynamic models from repeated cross-sections
Verbeek, M., & Vella, F. (2004) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.06.004 · Cited by 138
Bank size and lending relationships in Japan
Uchida, H., Udell, G. F., & Watanabe, W. (2008) · Journal of the Japanese and International Economies · doi:10.1016/j.jjie.2007.07.003 · Cited by 136
The Intergenerational Transmission of Cognitive and Noncognitive Abilities
Grönqvist, E., Öckert, B., & Vlachos, J. (2016) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.52.4.0115-6882r1 · Cited by 144
International outsourcing and productivity: evidence from the Irish electronics industry
Görg, H., & Hanley, A. (2004) · The North American Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.najef.2004.11.006 · Cited by 137
CAN STATE TAXES REDISTRIBUTE INCOME?
Link, C., Feldstein, M. S., & Vaillant, M. (1994) · Cited by 137
Sparse Models and Methods for Optimal Instruments with an Application to Eminent Domain
Belloni, A., Chen, D., Chernozhukov, V., et al. (2011) · doi:10.1920/wp.cem.2010.3110 · Cited by 137
The Effects of Weather-Induced Migration on Sons of the Soil Riots in India
Bhavnani, R. R., & Lacina, B. (2015) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s0043887115000222 · Cited by 130
The effects of vehicle ownership on employment
Baum, C. L. (2009) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2009.06.003 · Cited by 130
Mortality Benefit of Transfer to Level I versus Level II Trauma Centers for Head‐Injured Patients
McConnell, K. J., Newgard, C. D., Mullins, R. J., Arthur, M., & Hedges, J. R. (2005) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.0u367.x · Cited by 144
Bank Board Structure and Performance: Evidence for Large Bank Holding CompaniesPreprint
Adams, R. B., & Mehran, H. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1945548 · Cited by 136
“Staiger and Stock (1997) recommend F-statistics of 10 in the first stage.”
Bun, M. J. G., & Sarafidis, V. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199940042.013.0003 · Cited by 135
“When instruments are weak, i.e. only lowly correlated with the endogenous variables, IV and GMM estimators can perform poorly in (cid:133)nite samples, see e.g. Bound, Jaeger and Baker (1995), Staiger and Stock (1997), Stock and Wright (2000) and Stock, Wright and Yogo (2002).”
Dufour, J., Khalaf, L., & Kichian, M. (2006) · Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1016/j.jedc.2005.08.013 · Cited by 135
“To circumvent the difficulties associated with weak instruments, the above cited recent work on IV-based inference has focused on two main directions [see the surveys of Dufour (2003) and Stock et al. (2002)]: (i) refinements in asymptotic analysis which hold whether instruments are weak or not [e.g., Staiger and Stoc…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Relationship between Women's Education and Marriage Outcomes
Lefgren, L. J., & McIntyre, F. (2006) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/506486 · Cited by 131
Instrumental variable estimation with heteroskedasticity and many instruments
Hausman, J. A., Newey, W. K., Woutersen, T. M., Chao, J. C., & Swanson, N. R. (2012) · Quantitative Economics · doi:10.3982/qe89 · Cited by 135
“Although the inference methods will not be valid under the weak instrument asymptotics of Staiger and Stock (1997), we do not consider this to be very important.”
MethodMaralani, V. (2008) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.0.0013 · Cited by 132
“Instruments that are too weakly correlated with the endogenous regressor pose another methodological problem for IV (Bound, Jaeger, and Baker 1995; Hall, Rudebusch, and Wilcox 1996; Shea 1997; Staiger and Stock 1997 ), but standard metrics show that the instruments used here are suf� ciently strong.”
BackgroundMore on monotone instrumental variables
Manski, C. F., & Pepper, J. V. (2009) · Econometrics Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1368-423x.2008.00262.x · Cited by 135
The Impact of Social Capital on Crime: Evidence from the Netherlands
Akçomak, İ. S., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2011.09.008 · Cited by 143
“The joint F-tests in the first stage show that our instruments are valid as they pass the F-test threshold of 10, suggested by Staiger and Stock (1997). Moreover the over-identification tests show that the effect of the instruments on crime are operationalized only through their effect on social capital, not by any ot…”
MethodHIV status and union dissolution in Sub-saharan Africa: The case of Rakai, Uganda
Porter, L., Hao, L., Bishai, D. M., Serwadda, D. M., Wawer, M. J., Lutalo, T., Gray, R. H., & The Rakai Project Team (2004) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0025 · Cited by 129
“The effectiveness of the instrumental-variable approach to adjust for endogeneity depends on the availability of high-quality instrumental variables (Staiger and Stock 1994).”
BackgroundMore police, less crime: Evidence from US state data
Lin, M. (2009) · International Review of Law and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.irle.2008.12.003 · Cited by 134
Media coverage and stock price synchronicity
Dang, T. L., Dang, M., Luong, H., Nguyen, L., & Phan, H. L. (2019) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2019.101430 · Cited by 134
Linking Education Policy to Labor Market Outcomes
Fasih, T. (2008) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-7509-9 · Cited by 134
The Role of Regulation on Entry: Evidence from the Italian Provinces
Bripi, F. (2015) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/lhv063 · Cited by 132
“Moreover, the F tests of excluded instruments in the first stage are well above the value of 10, the threshold recommended by Staiger and Stock (1997) for weak instruments.”
The invisible eye? Electronic performance monitoring and employee job performance
Bhave, D. P. (2013) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12046 · Cited by 124
Genetic markers as instrumental variables
von Hinke, S., Smith, G. D., Lawlor, D. A., Propper, C., & Windmeijer, F. (2015) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.10.007 · Cited by 125
“This, of course, is not a problem specific to Mendelian randomization, but refers to a more general problem of weak instruments (see e.g. Bound et al., 1995; Staiger and Stock, 1997; Stock et al., 2002).”
Ananat, E., Gruber, J., Levine, P. B., et al. (2009) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest.91.1.124 · Cited by 133
Self-citationIncreasing Health Insurance Costs and the Decline in Insurance Coverage
Chernew, M. E., Cutler, D., & Keenan, P. S. (2005) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00409.x · Cited by 133
Does bank lending affect output? Evidence from the U.S. states
Driscoll, J. C. (2004) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2004.01.001 · Cited by 127
The Production of Child Health in Kenya: A Structural Model of Birth Weight
Mwabu, G. (2008) · Journal of African Economies · doi:10.1093/jae/ejn013 · Cited by 131
Some are punished and some are rewarded
McCausland, W. D., Pouliakas, K., & Theodossiou, I. (2005) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/01437720510628112 · Cited by 134
“Both of these clearly satisfy the Staiger and Stock (1997) rule of thumb, which requires the first-stage F statistic to be larger than 9 in order to avoid the problem of weak identification.”
Airline Market Power and Intertemporal Price Dispersion
Gaggero, A. A., & Piga, C. A. (2011) · Journal of Industrial Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6451.2011.00467.x · Cited by 132
Humphery‐Jenner, M., & Powell, R. G. (2011) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2011.01.002 · Cited by 132
“However, 2SLS is inefficient due to heteroscedasticity and clustering and is vulnerable to weak instruments (Staiger and Stock, 1997; 21 Wooldridge, 2002).”
Sun, H., Wang, H., & Wan, Z. (2019) · Transportation Research Part B Methodological · doi:10.1016/j.trb.2019.04.004 · Cited by 128
The effect of education on poverty: A European perspective
Hofmarcher, T. (2021) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102124 · Cited by 131
Friendly boards and innovation
Kang, J., Liu, W., Low, A., & Zhang, L. (2017) · Journal of Empirical Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jempfin.2017.09.007 · Cited by 128
Horváth, R. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2012.10.006 · Cited by 128
Fixed fees and physician‐induced demand: A panel data study on French physicians
Delattre, E., & Dormont, B. (2003) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.823 · Cited by 131
Scaling the Hierarchy: How and Why Investment Banks Compete for Syndicate Co-management Appointments
Ljungqvist, A. P., Marston, F. C., & Wilhelm, W. J. (2009) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhn106 · Cited by 131
“The Staiger and Stock (1997) test is a test of the strength of the instruments.”
MethodValid t-ratio Inference for IV
Lee, D., McCrary, J., Moreira, M. J., & Porter, J. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29124 · Cited by 124
“Stock and Wright (2000), among others, show that AR-based inference is valid under more general error structures.”
BackgroundThe impact of telecommuting on personal vehicle usage and environmental sustainability
Zhu, P., & Mason, S. G. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-014-0556-5 · Cited by 130
“Since weak or invalid instruments will lead to measurement errors in the endogenous regressor (Bound et al. 1995; Hall et al. 1996; Greene 1997; Staiger and Stock 1997), we conduct the IV redundancy test, the Bound– Jaeger–Baker F test (see Bound et al.”
MethodBenn, M., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2018) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvy045 · Cited by 133
Sorting over flood risk and implications for policy reform
Bakkensen, L., & Ma, L. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2020.102362 · Cited by 130
More Bad News for Smokers? The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Wages
Levine, P. B., Gustafson, T. A., & Velenchik, A. D. (1997) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/001979399705000307 · Cited by 130
Political and Economic Determinants of the Likelihood of Privatizing Argentine Public Banks
Clarke, G. R. G., & Cull, R. (2002) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/324653 · Cited by 130
Institutions, Trade, and Growth: Revisiting the Evidence
Dollar, D., & Kraay, A. (2003) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-3004 · Cited by 130
Does economic freedom cause prosperity? An IV approach
Faria, H. J., & Montesinos-Yufa, H. M. (2009) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-009-9440-0 · Cited by 129
Ali, S., Liu, B., & Su, J. (2018) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2018.05.003 · Cited by 129
“A general rule of thumb is that if the F-statistics is more than 10 the IV is not weak (Staiger and Stock, 1997).”
BackgroundDufour, J., & Jasiak, J. (2001) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/1468-2354.00135 · Cited by 125
Bound, J., & Jaeger, D. A. (2004) · Research in labor economics · doi:10.1016/s0147-9121(00)19005-3 · Cited by 124
Chahine, S., Arthurs, J. D., Filatotchev, I. V., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2011) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2011.11.007 · Cited by 124
“Based on Staiger and Stock (1997), both the high R-square and F-statistic (which is higher than 10 in Model (4a)) confirm the strength and the reliability of the current assets to total assets ratio as an instrument for pre-IPO discretionary current accruals.”
BackgroundFinancial literacy, financial advisors, and information sources on demand for life insurance
Lin, C., Hsiao, Y., & Yeh, C.-Y. (2017) · Pacific-Basin Finance Journal · doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2017.04.002 · Cited by 143
Hybrid and Size-Corrected Subsampling Methods
Andrews, D. W. K., & Guggenberger, P. (2009) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta7015 · Cited by 128
Financial Literacy, Schooling, and Wealth Accumulation
Behrman, J. R., Mitchell, O. S., Soo, C., & Bravo, D. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16452 · Cited by 138
Obschonka, M., Stuetzer, M., Rentfrow, P. J., Shaw-Taylor, L., Satchell, M., Silbereisen, R. K., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000175 · Cited by 127
The Role of Multiple Large Shareholders in the Choice of Debt Source
Boubaker, S., Rouatbi, W., & Saffar, W. (2016) · Financial Management · doi:10.1111/fima.12148 · Cited by 120
Sun, Y., Hu, R., & Zhang, C. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.118 · Cited by 126
Antwi, Y. A., & Bowblis, J. R. (2017) · American Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1162/ajhe_a_00096 · Cited by 125
Endogeneity in Accounting and Finance Research: Natural Experiments as a State-of-the-Art Solution
Gippel, J., Smith, T. M., & Zhu, Y. (2015) · Abacus · doi:10.1111/abac.12048 · Cited by 126
“The rule of thumb is F>10 (Staiger and Stock, 1997).”
The Impact of Free Movement of Workers from Central and Eastern Europe on the UK Labour Market
Gilpin, N., Lemos, S., & Henty, M. (2006) · Cited by 126
Effect of Insurance on Mortality in an HIV-Positive Population in Care
Goldman, D. P., Bhattacharya, J., McCaffrey, D. F., Duan, N., Leibowitz, A. A., Joyce, G., & Morton, S. C. (2001) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/016214501753208582 · Cited by 125
“We also report the joint signi cance of the excluded instruments from (4) by using a Wald statistic because these are considered a test of the small sample bias associated with the IV estimator (Staiger and Stock 1997).”
BackgroundMethodFrench, M. T., & Popovici, I. (2009) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1572 · Cited by 124
Does Outsourcing Increase Profitability?Preprint
Görg, H., & Hanley, A. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.612228 · Cited by 126
“Staiger and Stock (1997) recommend that the F-statistics from the first stage regression be routinely reported in applied work.”
How leader role identity influences the process of leader emergence: A social network analysis
Kwok, N., Hanig, S., Brown, D. J., & Shen, W. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.04.003 · Cited by 136
Rassen, J. A., Brookhart, M. A., Glynn, R. J., Mittleman, M. A., & Schneeweiß, S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.006 · Cited by 126
Neighbors Matter: Causal Community Effects and Stock Market ParticipationPreprint
Smith, P. A., Brown, J. R., Ivkovich, Z., et al. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.966334 · Cited by 125
Critical assessment of five methods to correct for endogeneity in discrete-choice models
Guevara, C. Á. (2015) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.10.005 · Cited by 121
The dynamic impact of immigration on natives' labor market outcomes: Evidence from Israel
Cohen‐Goldner, S., & Paserman, M. D. (2011) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.05.002 · Cited by 117
Regional Grants as Pork Barrel PoliticsPreprint
Milligan, K. S., & Smart, M. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.710903 · Cited by 124
“…with other explanatory variables, we therefore expect OLS estimates to be downward-biased for government districts and upward biased for opposition districts.20 The third column adds a set of three demographic instruments (proportion French, other lan- 17See, for example, Staiger and Stock (1997).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Staiger, D., & Stock, J.
- ORCID
- Staiger, Douglas
- Venue
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- Publisher
- National Bureau of Economic Research
- Published
- 1994-01
- OpenAlex
- W3122531453
- Cited by
- 5,302
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 242 · 2020: 254 · 2019: 246 · 2018: 248 · 2017: 286 · 2016: 328 · 2015: 343 · 2014: 345 · 2013: 336 · 2012: 337
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
- Keywords
- weak instruments, instrumental variable regression, asymptotic distribution, two-stage least squares, limited information maximum likelihood, endogeneity, returns to education, t-statistic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
