Engineering exosomes for bone defect repair
Open accessAbstract
Currently, bone defect repair is still an intractable clinical problem. Numerous treatments have been performed, but their clinical results are unsatisfactory. As a key element of cell-free therapy, exosome is becoming a promising tool of bone regeneration in recent decades, because of its promoting osteogenesis and osteogenic differentiation function in vivo and in vitro . However, low yield, weak activity, inefficient targeting ability, and unpredictable side effects of natural exosomes have limited the clinical application. To overcome the weakness, various approaches have been applied to produce engineering exosomes by regulating their production and function at present. In this review, we will focus on the engineering exosomes for bone defect repair. By summarizing the exosomal cargos affecting osteogenesis, the strategies of engineering exosomes and properties of exosome-integrated biomaterials, this work will provide novel insights into exploring advanced engineering exosome-based cell-free therapy for bone defect repair.
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miRNAs carried by MSC-Exos specifically bind to mRNA in target cells, inhibiting post-transcriptional gene expression and influencing osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
“The miRNAs carried by MSC-Exos specifically bind to mRNA in target cells, inhibiting post-transcriptional gene expression and consequently influencing physiological functions, including osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [[20], [21], [22], [23], [24]].”
From Hydrogel scaffold encapsulating MSC-Exos and ZIF-8 promotes bone regeneration via coordinating osteogenesis and immunomodulation (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
Section 2.1 (page unavailable) says exosomal miRNAs enter recipient cells and regulate osteogenesis-related gene expression at the translational level; its Table 1 also reports proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs. The copy does not establish the claimed specific binding to mRNA or an effect of MSC-exosomal miRNAs on osteoblast apoptosis. The apoptosis entries shown in Table 1 concern other RNA cargos. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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References 202 · Cited by 38
- Authors
- Ma, S., Zhang, Y., Li, S., Li, A., Li, Y., & Pei, D.
- Affiliations
- Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Ye
- Pei, Dandan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-12-07
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 1091360-1091360
- ISSN
- 2296-4185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9768454
- OpenAlex
- W4311707423
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81870798 82170927)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (xzy012021066)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
- Keywords
- engineered exosomes, bone defect repair, bone regeneration, bone formation, osteogenic differentiation, exosomal cargo
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