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Cited by 603Vector-borne infectious diseasesViral Infections and VectorsMicrobial infections and disease research

Anaplasma phagocytophilum—a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies

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Stuen, Snorre, Granquist, Erik G., Silaghi, Cornelia·2013·Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
DOI 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031PMC PMC3717505
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Abstract

The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (TBF) in domestic ruminants in Ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern Europe. In recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with Ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the northern hemisphere. A. phagocytophilum has a broad host range and may cause severe disease in several mammalian species, including humans. However, the clinical symptoms vary from subclinical to fatal conditions, and considerable underreporting of clinical incidents is suspected in both human and veterinary medicine. Several variants of A. phagocytophilum have been genetically characterized. Identification and stratification into phylogenetic subfamilies has been based on cell culturing, experimental infections, PCR, and sequencing techniques. However, few genome sequences have been completed so far, thus observations on biological, ecological, and pathological differences between genotypes of the bacterium, have yet to be elucidated by molecular and experimental infection studies. The natural transmission cycles of various A. phagocytophilum variants, the involvement of their respective hosts and vectors involved, in particular the zoonotic potential, have to be unraveled. A. phagocytophilum is able to persist between seasons of tick activity in several mammalian species and movement of hosts and infected ticks on migrating animals or birds may spread the bacterium. In the present review, we focus on the ecology and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum, especially the role of wildlife in contribution to the spread and sustainability of the infection in domestic livestock and humans.

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  • The main vector in Europe is I. ricinus, but A. phagocytophilum has been detected in questing ticks of many species including D. reticulatus and I. persulcatus, and the overall infection rate of I. ricinus ticks in Europe varied from 0.4% to 33.9% in some localities.

    “The main vector in Europe is I. ricinus, however, A. phagocytophilum has been detected in questing ticks of many species including D. reticulatus and I. persulcatus, and the overall infection rate of I.ricinus ticks in Europe varied from 0.4% to even 33.9% in some localities (reviewed in [32]).”

    From Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from dogs, Latvia, 2011–2016 (2019) · cites this paper as [32]

  • There are reports on granulocytic anaplasmosis in a variety of domestic and wild animal species including dogs, cats, horses and cattle.

    “There are reports on granulocytic anaplasmosis in a variety of domestic and wild animal species including dogs, cats, horses and cattle [32].”

    From Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from dogs, Latvia, 2011–2016 (2019) · cites this paper as [32]

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Authors
Stuen, S., Granquist, E. G., & Silaghi, C.
Affiliations
  • Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NO)
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Corresponding author
Stuen, Snorre
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2013
Volume
3
Pages
31-31
ISSN
2235-2988 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fcimb.2013.00031
PMC
PMC3717505
OpenAlex
W2119045185
Cited by
603
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 38 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
4.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
Keywords
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, tick-borne fever, Ixodes ricinus, tick-borne zoonoses, multi-host pathogens, host range, phylogenetic subfamilies, bacterial genotypes, transmission cycle, wildlife reservoirs, livestock, human infection, tick vectors, seasonal persistence
MeSH terms
Animals, Arthropod Vectors, Humans, Ticks, Zoonoses, Ehrlichiosis, Tick-Borne Diseases, Ixodes, Anaplasma phagocytophilum

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