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Cited by 35Reproductive tract infections researchProbiotics and Fermented FoodsBacterial biofilms and quorum sensing

Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei Affect Various Stages of Gardnerella Species Biofilm Formation

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He, Yuanhui, Na, Risu, Niu, Xiaoxi, Xiao, Bingbing, Yang, Huixia·2021·Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
DOI 10.3389/fcimb.2021.568178PMC PMC7933028
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Abstract

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and its recurrence are most commonly associated with the formation of Gardnerella species biofilm. Probiotics are typically used to treat BV; however, the optimal period of Lactobacillus probiotic application in BV treatment remains uncertain. The present study aimed to explore the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei on various stages of biofilm formation in Gardnerella species. The biofilm-forming ability of seven strains, including one Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 14018 and six clinically isolated Gardnerella species, was determined via gentian violet staining assay. Moreover, the sensitivity of the planktonic and biofilm forms toward metronidazole and clindamycin was assessed via microdilution broth method. L. rhamnosus Xbb-LR-1 and L. casei Xbb-LC-1 were added during various stages of biofilm formation in Gardnerella species and were cocultured for 24 h. The biofilm thickness of each sample was determined via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The absolute quantities of Gardnerella species in each sample was obtained via real time polymerase chain reaction method, and the pH value was obtained using a pH indicator paper. Biofilm formation by Gardnerella species in a medium with distinct pH values was observed via gentian violet staining, CLSM, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The biofilm increased the resistance of Gardnerella species toward metronidazole and clindamycin. L. rhamnosus added at the initial biofilm formation stage in Gardnerella species exhibited highest inhibitory effect, with a percentage inhibition of 38.17% ± 1.35%. When the pH value of the culture medium was <4.5 or >6.5, ATCC 14018 could hardly form a biofilm; however, at pH ≥4.5 and ≤6.5, it was able to form a stronger biofilm. The amount of biofilm attained maximum value at optical density of 3.29 ± 0.28 (595 nm), pH 5.5, and at 36 h. Biofilm formation increases the resistance of Gardnerella species toward antibiotics. Maintaining an acidic vaginal environment with pH <4.5 and a vaginal microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus remarkably prevents the formation of Gardnerella species biofilm at the initial stage, which further has a significant impact on the treatment and prevention of biofilm-related infections.

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  • Aggregation serves as the foundation for various physiological functions of probiotics, including resistance to pathogen invasion, maintenance of microbial balance within the gut, and involvement in immune regulation.

    “Aggregation also serves as the foundation for various physiological functions of probiotics, including resistance to pathogen invasion [17], maintenance of microbial balance within the gut, and involvement in immune regulation [18].”

    From EVALUATION OF ADHESIVE AND AGGREGATION PROPERTIES OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT BIOTOPES (2025) · cites this paper as [18]

    Citation [18] is attached to the claims about gut microbial balance and immune regulation. The Introduction and Results and Discussion address lactobacilli, Gardnerella biofilms, and the vaginal environment, but the searched passages do not connect aggregation to gut microbial balance or immune regulation. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Authors
He, Y., Na, R., Niu, X., Xiao, B., & Yang, H.
Affiliations
Peking University First Hospital (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Xiao, Bingbing
  • Yang, Huixia
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-02-19
Volume
11
Pages
568178-568178
ISSN
2235-2988 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fcimb.2021.568178
PMC
PMC7933028
OpenAlex
W3132165318
Cited by
35
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
FWCI
4.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971342, 81200411)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Keywords
Lactobacillus casei, Gardnerella vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis, probiotics, antibiotic resistance, metronidazole, clindamycin, vaginal pH, vaginal microbiota, biofilm thickness
MeSH terms
Female, Gardnerella vaginalis, Humans, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Vagina, Gardnerella, Biofilms, Probiotics, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus

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