The intricate role of growth hormone in metabolism
Open accessAbstract
Growth hormone (GH), a master regulator of somatic growth, also regulates carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via complex interactions with insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Data from human and rodent studies reveal the importance of GH in insulin synthesis and secretion, lipid metabolism and body fat remodeling. In this review, we will summarize the tissue-specific metabolic effects of GH, with emphasis on recent targets identified to mediate these effects. Furthermore, we will discuss what role GH plays in obesity and present possible mechanisms by which this may occur.
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Low-dose GH may have beneficial effects on insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis due to increased circulating IGF-1, while long-term GH treatment in high doses impairs insulin sensitivity and exacerbates insulin resistance.
“Prior studies have demonstrated that low-dose GH may have beneficial effects on insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis due to increased circulating IGF-1, while long-term GH treatment in high doses impairs insulin sensitivity and exacerbates insulin resistance (51).”
From The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
The References list a study in which low-dose GH combined with dietary restriction decreased insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. The GHR and signal transduction section also associates GH excess with insulin resistance, but the paper does not establish that the low-dose benefit was due to increased circulating IGF-1 or specifically that long-term, high-dose GH treatment worsens insulin sensitivity. The cited low-dose study instead attributes its result to reduced visceral fat and increased muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe effect of growth hormone on glucose regulation is intricate and changes substantially with different dosage and treatment duration.
“on glucose regulation is intricate and changes substantially with different dosage and treatment duration (49, 51).”
From The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
The Introduction’s “GHR and signal transduction” section (page unavailable) describes differing effects on glucose production across GH studies using different doses and treatment durations, supporting the claim that its role is intricate. But those studies also involve different populations and conditions, so the passage does not establish that dosage and duration themselves account for the differences. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe effects of growth hormones on glucose regulation changes substantially with different dosage and treatment duration.
“The effects of growth hormones on glucose regulation is intricate and changes substantially with different dosage and treatment duration (49, 51).”
From The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
In “GHR and signal transduction” (page unavailable), the review describes differing glucose-production responses across GH regimens with different doses and durations, supporting the claim that its effects are intricate. Those studies also involve different populations and treatment methods, however, so the passage does not establish that dose and duration themselves account for the differences. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe effects of growth hormones on glucose regulation is intricate.
“The effects of growth hormones on glucose regulation is intricate and changes substantially with different dosage and treatment duration (49, 51).”
From The progression of secondary diabetes: A review of modeling studies (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
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References 160 · Cited by 179
- Authors
- Vijayakumar, A., Yakar, S., & LeRoith, D.
- Affiliations
- Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- LeRoith, Derek
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 32-32
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3356038
- OpenAlex
- W1988876904
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- growth hormone, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, insulin secretion, obesity, physical growth
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