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Cited by 28Receptor Mechanisms and SignalingHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesReproductive Biology and Fertility

Role of the Extracellular and Intracellular Loops of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Its Function

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Banerjee, Antara A., Mahale, Smita D.·2015·Frontiers in Endocrinology
DOI 10.3389/fendo.2015.00110PMC PMC4505104
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Abstract

Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) is a leucine-rich repeat containing class A G-protein coupled receptor belonging to the subfamily of glycoprotein hormone receptors (GPHRs), which includes luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LH/CGR) and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor. Its cognate ligand, follicle-stimulating hormone binds to, and activates FSHR expressed on the surface of granulosa cells of the ovary, in females, and Sertoli cells of the testis, in males, to bring about folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis, respectively. FSHR contains a large extracellular domain (ECD) consisting of leucine-rich repeats at the N-terminal end and a hinge region at the C-terminus that connects the ECD to the membrane spanning transmembrane domain (TMD). The TMD consists of seven α-helices that are connected to each other by means of three extracellular loops (ELs) and three intracellular loops (ILs) and ends in a short-cytoplasmic tail. It is well established that the ECD is the primary hormone binding domain, whereas the TMD is the signal transducing domain. However, several studies on the ELs and ILs employing site directed mutagenesis, generation of chimeric receptors and in vitro characterization of naturally occurring mutations have proven their indispensable role in FSHR function. Their role in every phase of the life cycle of the receptor like post translational modifications, cell surface trafficking, hormone binding, activation of downstream signaling, receptor phosphorylation, hormone-receptor internalization, and recycling of hormone-receptor complex have been documented. Mutations in the loops causing dysregulation of these processes lead to pathophysiological conditions. In other GPHRs as well, the loops have been convincingly shown to contribute to various aspects of receptor function. This review article attempts to summarize the extensive contributions of FSHR loops and C-terminal tail to its function.

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  • The intracellular loop domain of Gja5b may regulate channel gating and trafficking, and other interactions.

    “the intracellular loop domain of Gja5b may regulate channel gating and trafficking, and other interactions58.”

    From Genomic and genetic insights into speciation and pigment pattern diversification in <i>Danio</i> fishes (2025) · cites this paper as [58]

    The Introduction describes intracellular loops in G-protein-coupled receptors, and the Life Cycle of FSH Receptor section discusses receptor trafficking. Neither passage addresses Gja5b or whether its intracellular loop regulates channel gating, trafficking, or other interactions (searched: Gja5b, connexin, channel gating, trafficking). (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Authors
Banerjee, A. A., & Mahale, S. D.
Affiliations
ICMR National Institute for Research on Women's Health (IN)
Corresponding author
Mahale, Smita D.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Endocrinology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2015-07-17
Volume
6
Pages
110-110
ISSN
1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fendo.2015.00110
PMC
PMC4505104
OpenAlex
W1592231036
Cited by
28
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2
FWCI
0.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Lady Tata Memorial Trust
  • Indian Council of Medical Research (SR/SO/HS-0053/2009, BIC/12(10)/2013, BIC/12)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
Keywords
FSH receptor, extracellular loop, intracellular loop, glycoprotein hormone receptors, leucine-rich repeats, transmembrane domain, C-terminal tail, hormone binding, receptor internalization, receptor recycling, receptor phosphorylation, granulosa cells, Sertoli cells, folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis, receptor mutations

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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