Sustained release T3 therapy: animal models and translational applications
Open accessAbstract
The standard of care to treat hypothyroidism is daily administration of levo-thyroxine (LT4). This is based on the understanding that deiodinases can restore production of T3 and compensate for the small amounts of T3 that are normally produced by the thyroid gland. However, pre-clinical and clinical evidence indicating that deiodinases fall short of restoring T3 production is accumulating, opening the possibility that liothyronine (LT3) might have a role in the treatment of some hypothyroid patients. LT3 tablets taken orally result in a substantial peak of circulating T3 that is dissipated during the next several hours, which is markedly distinct from the relative stability of T3 levels in normal individuals. Thus, the effort to developing new delivery strategies for LT3, including slow release tablets, liquid formulations, use of T3-related/hybrid molecules such as T3 sulfate, poly-zinc-T3 and glucagon-T3, nanoparticles containing T3, subcutaneous implant of T3-containing matrices, and stem cells for de novo development of the thyroid gland. This article reviews these strategies, their applicability in animal models and translatability to humans.
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A novel platform consisting of solid rods prepared with a mixture of T3 and ethylene-vinyl acetate could release T3 in a relatively stable manner for over 6 months in rats and dogs.
“In vivo experiments with rats and dogs showed that this platform could release T3 in a relatively stable manner for over 6 months.”
From Levothyroxine: conventional and novel drug delivery formulations. (2023) · cites this paper as [175]
A sustained-release preparation is not yet available for clinical use.
“considering that a sustained-release preparation is not yet available for clinical use [80-83]”
From Evidence-Based Use of Levothyroxine/Liothyronine Combinations in Treating Hypothyroidism: A Consensus Document (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
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References 62 · Cited by 30
- Authors
- Idrees, T., Price, J. D., Piccariello, T., & Bianco, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Synthonics (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bianco, Antonio C.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-08-13
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 544-544
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6700330
- OpenAlex
- W2963163640
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2 R44 DK116396-02A1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- liothyronine, triiodothyronine, sustained drug release, hypothyroidism, levothyroxine, thyroid hormone deiodinases, nanoparticles, subcutaneous implants, stem cell therapy, animal models, translational medicine
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