Editorial: Consequences of Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy
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Maternal hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and impaired fetal growth, such as spontaneous abortion, premature birth, fetal death, low birth weight, neonatal mortality, growth restriction, altered cognitive development (cretinism, language disorders, altered motor development).
“Maternal hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and impaired fetal growth, such as spontaneous abortion, premature birth, fetal death, low birth weight, neonatal mortality, growth restriction, altered cognitive development (cretinism, language disorders, altered motor development) [119].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [119]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth iodine deficiency and excess can result in long-term neurodevelopmental impairments and endocrine dysfunction through disrupted thyroid signaling and epigenetic mechanisms.
“Both iodine deficiency and excess can result in long-term neurodevelopmental impairments and endocrine dysfunction through disrupted thyroid signaling and epigenetic mechanisms [119,126,127].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [119]
The Introduction (page unavailable) links severe maternal iodine deficiency to offspring neurocognitive harm and explains that iodine is needed for thyroid hormone synthesis and normal brain development. It does not address harm from iodine excess, epigenetic mechanisms, or long-term endocrine dysfunction, so those parts of the claim are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInadequate selenium status may amplify the adverse neurodevelopmental effects of iodine deficiency during pregnancy.
“inadequate selenium status may therefore amplify the adverse neurodevelopmental effects of iodine deficiency during pregnancy [119,156].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [119]
The Introduction (page not provided) links severe maternal iodine deficiency to adverse offspring neurocognitive development. It does not discuss selenium status or say that inadequate selenium amplifies those effects; a search for “selenium” found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIodine and selenium are functionally linked in thyroid hormone metabolism, as selenium-dependent deiodinase enzymes regulate thyroid hormone activation and inactivation.
“Iodine and selenium are functionally linked in thyroid hormone metabolism, as selenium-dependent deiodinase enzymes regulate thyroid hormone activation and inactivation;”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [119]
The Introduction states that iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. It does not discuss selenium, selenium-dependent deiodinases, or their role in activating and inactivating thyroid hormones (searched: selenium-dependent deiodinases; selenium, selenoproteins, activation and inactivation). (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Cites
The Consortium on Thyroid and Pregnancy—Study Group on Preterm Birth, Korevaar, T. I. M., Derakhshan, A., Taylor, P. N., Meima, M., Chen, L., Bliddal, S., Carty, D. M., Meems, M., Vaidya, B., et al. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.10931 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- [1]Burrow GN Fisher DA Larsen PR. Maternal and Fetal Thyroid Function. N Engl J Med (1994) 331: 1072–8. 10.1056/NEJM199410203311608 8090169 · DOI · Paper page
- [2]Männistö T Mendola P Grewal J Xie Y Chen Z Laughon SK. Thyroid Diseases and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in a Contemporary US Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2013) 98: 2725–33. 10.1210/jc.2012-4233 PMC3701274 23744409 · DOI
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- [4]Derakhshan A Peeters RP Taylor PN Bliddal S Carty DM Meems M. Association of Maternal Thyroid Function With Birthweight: A Systematic Review and Individual-Participant Data Meta-Analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2020) 8: 501–10. 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30061-9 PMC8168324 32445737 · DOI
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- [7]Leung AM Pearce EN Braverman LE. Iodine Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am (2011) 40: 765–77. 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.08.001 PMC3266621 22108279 · DOI
- [8]WHO Secretariat Andersson M de Benoist B Delange F Zupan J. Prevention and Control of Iodine Deficiency in Pregnant and Lactating Women and in Children Less Than 2-Years-Old: Conclusions and Recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Public Health Nutr (2007) 10: 1606–11. 10.1017/S1368980007361004 18053287 · DOI
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- [11]Bernal J. Thyroid Hormones and Brain Development. Vitam Horm (2005) 71: 95– 122. 10.1016/S0083-6729(05)71004-9 16112266 · DOI
- [13]Pretell EA Caceres A. “Impairment of Mental Development by Iodine Deficiency and its Correction. A Retrospective View of Studies in Peru,”, in: The Damaged Brain of Iodine Deficiency. New York, NY: Cognizant Communication. Available at: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Impairment%20of%20mental%20development%20by%20iodine%20deficiency%20and%20its%20correction.%20A%20retrospective%20view%20of%20studies%20in%20Peru&author=EA%20Pretell&author=A%20Caceres&author=JB%20Stanbury&publication_year=1994&book (Accessed July 11, 2021).
- [14]Jiskra J Fait T Bílek R Krátký J Bartáková J Lukáš J. Mild Iodine Deficiency in Women After Spontaneous Abortions Living in an Iodine-Sufficient Area of Czech Republic: Prevalence and Impact on Reproductive Health. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2014) 80: 452–8. 10.1111/cen.12298 23889327 · DOI
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- [17]Gargari SS Fateh R Bakhshali-Bakhtiari M Saleh M Mirzamoradi M Bakhtiyari M. Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes and Determinants of Iodine Deficiency in Third Trimester of Pregnancy in an Iodine Sufficient Area. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2020) 20: 174. 10.1186/s12884-020-02863-6 32188421 PMC7079485 · DOI
- [18]Levie D Korevaar TIM Bath SC Murcia M Dineva M Llop S. Association of Maternal Iodine Status With Child IQ: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2019) 104: 5957–67. 10.1210/jc.2018-02559 PMC6804415 30920622 · DOI
- [19]Costeira MJ Oliveira P Santos NC Ares S Saenz-Rico B de Escobar GM. Psychomotor Development of Children From an Iodine-Deficient Region. J Pediatr (2011) 159: 447–53. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.02.034 21492867 · DOI
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- [21]Ghassabian A Steenweg-de Graaff J Peeters RP Ross HA Jaddoe VW Hofman A. Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration in Pregnancy and Children’s Cognition: Results From a Population-Based Birth Cohort in an Iodine-Sufficient Area. BMJ Open (2014) 4: e005520. 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005520 PMC4067856 24928597 · DOI
- [22]Nazeri P Shariat M Azizi F. Effects of Iodine Supplementation During Pregnancy on Pregnant Women and Their Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Trials Over the Past 3 Decades. Eur J Endocrinol (2021) 184: 91– 106. 10.1530/EJE-20-0927 33112293 · DOI
- [23]Dineva M Fishpool H Rayman MP Mendis J Bath SC. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Iodine Supplementation on Thyroid Function and Child Neurodevelopment in Mildly-to-Moderately Iodine-Deficient Pregnant Women. Am J Clin Nutr (2020) 112: 389– 412. 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa071 32320029 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schiera, G., Macajone, G., Volpes, S., Greco, L., Di Liegro, C. M., Serio, G., Caradonna, F., & Naselli, F. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15040366 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lee, S. Y.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Sun Y.
- ORCID
- Lee, Sun Y.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-07-28
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 740239-740239
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8355982
- OpenAlex
- W3184852142
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- School of Medicine, Boston University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (K23ES028736)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- iodine deficiency, pregnancy, maternal iodine status, fetal development, thyroid hormones, maternal thyroid function
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Iodine, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Thyroid Gland, Fetal Development
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