Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells—Friend or Foe during Viral Infection?
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cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature in response to a number of viral infections. In this review, we focus on cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the context of human viral infections and in some infections that affect mice and non-human primates. We examine the effector mechanisms used by cytotoxic CD4 cells, the phenotypes that describe this population, and the transcription factors and pathways that lead to their induction following infection. We further consider the cells that are the predominant targets of this effector subset and describe the viral infections in which CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been shown to play a protective or pathologic role. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells are detected in the circulation at much higher levels than previously realized and are now recognized to have an important role in the immune response to viral infections.
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The cytotoxic subset overexpressed Eomes, Gzmk, and Ctla2a, genes commonly associated with CD8 T cells and previously described in viral infection and cancer as CD4 cytotoxic T cells.
“cells overexpressing genes such as Eomes, Gzmk, and Ctla2a, which are commonly associated with CD8 T cells (denoted cytotoxic) and were previously described in the context of viral infection and cancer as CD4 cytotoxic T cells (32–34).”
From Aging promotes reorganization of the CD4 T cell landscape toward extreme regulatory and effector phenotypes (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
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References 173 · Cited by 195
- Authors
- Juno, J. A., van Bockel, D., Kent, S. J., Kelleher, A. D., Zaunders, J. J., & Munier, C. M. L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Munier, C. Mee Ling
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-01-23
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 19-19
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5253382
- OpenAlex
- W2581681907
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1052979)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Keywords
- cytotoxic CD4+ T cells, viral infection, effector mechanisms, transcription factors, T cell phenotype, protective immunity, non-human primates, mouse model
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