Comparative microbiome analysis of a Fusarium wilt suppressive soil and a Fusarium wilt conducive soil from the Châteaurenard region

“For fungal identification, the variable internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region was amplified using specific fungal primers ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′) and ITS2 (5′- GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′; White et al., 1990; Gardes and Bruns, 1993; Buée et al., 2009).”

“…et al., 2013) using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool algorithm BLASTn version 2.2.23 (Altschul et al., 1997) with the filter turned off for fungal sequences; (ii) a dedicated reference database from SILVA (Quast et al., 2013), using the USEARCH tool (Edgar, 2010) for bacterial sequences.”

“Sequences were then cleaned by trimming and denoising using trim.flows in Mothur version 1.20.1 with the default parameters (Schloss et al., 2009), and reverse-complemented if needed.”

“For fungal identification, the variable internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region was amplified using specific fungal primers ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′) and ITS2 (5′- GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′; White et al., 1990; Gardes and Bruns, 1993; Buée et al., 2009).”

“The dereplicated reads were aligned using INFERNAL alignment (Cole et al., 2009; Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 3 April 2018 | Volume 9 | Article 568 v1.”

“Taxonomy-based analysis was also performed using similarity approaches against: (i) the UNITE database (fungal rDNA ITS sequence database; Kõljalg et al., 2013) using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool algorithm BLASTn version 2.2.23 (Altschul et al., 1997) with the filter turned off for fungal…”

“Concerning the dominant bacterial OTUs, their taxonomic assignments were checked using SINA online (Pruesse et al., 2012), the SILVA database (version 123), and default parameters.”

“In most cases, attention was mainly paid to decipher the role of bacterial communities (Kyselková et al., 2009; Mendes et al., 2011; Gómez Expósito et al., 2017) while in the present study, both bacterial and fungal communities are taken into consideration.”

“…and subsequent plant infection can be reduced through competitive interactions with the soil microbial community which results in defining disease suppressive soils (Weller et al., 2002; Raaijmakers et al., 2009; Lundgren and Fergen, 2011; Kyselková and Moënne-Loccoz, 2012; Penton et al., 2014).”

“Hence, growth of plant pathogens in soils and subsequent plant infection can be reduced through competitive interactions with the soil microbial community which results in defining disease suppressive soils (Weller et al., 2002; Raaijmakers et al., 2009; Lundgren and Fergen, 2011; Kyselková and Moënne-Loccoz, 2012; Pe…”

“…soil sterilization, steam pasteurization, or gammairradiation and can be transferred by mixing a small amount of natural suppressive soil into both previously disinfected suppressive soil and natural conducive soil (Alabouvette, 1986; Weller et al., 2002; Garbeva et al., 2004; Mendes et al., 2011).”

“Indeed, soils in which disease incidence or severity commonly remain low in spite of the presence of the pathogen, a susceptible host plant and climatic conditions that would allow disease development are called disease suppressive soils (Baker and Cook, 1974).”

“Because of its role in many enzymatic activities governing the functioning of the soil, particularly in biogeochemical cycles, reorganization, and mineralization of organic matter, and feeding of plants, soil microbial diversity is a determining component of soil health (Garbeva et al., 2004; Janvier et al., 2007; Cha…”

“For fungal identification, the variable internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region was amplified using specific fungal primers ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′) and ITS2 (5′- GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′; White et al., 1990; Gardes and Bruns, 1993; Buée et al., 2009).”

“…soil, particularly in biogeochemical cycles, reorganization, and mineralization of organic matter, and feeding of plants, soil microbial diversity is a determining component of soil health (Garbeva et al., 2004; Janvier et al., 2007; Chaparro et al., 2012; Larkin, 2015; van Bruggen et al., 2015).”

“Streptomyces spp. strains produce molecules that inhibit F. oxysporum development (Cha et al., 2016).”

“…suppressive to take-all disease of wheat (Weller et al., 2002), damping-off diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Mendes et al., 2011) and wilt diseases caused by different formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum (Toussoun, 1975; Louvet et al., 1976; Alabouvette, 1986; Alabouvette et al., 2009).”

“Conversely, modifying the structure of microbial soil communities through agricultural practices can make soils temporarily suppressive to one disease or another (Westphal and Becker, 2001; Mazzola, 2007; Klein et al., 2013; Raaijmakers and Mazzola, 2016; Vida et al., 2016).”

“Analyzing co-occurrence networks within suppressive and conducive soils microbial communities would test such hypothesis (Faust et al., 2015; Karimi et al., 2017).”

“In most cases, attention was mainly paid to decipher the role of bacterial communities (Kyselková et al., 2009; Mendes et al., 2011; Gómez Expósito et al., 2017) while in the present study, both bacterial and fungal communities are taken into consideration.”

“Because of its role in many enzymatic activities governing the functioning of the soil, particularly in biogeochemical cycles, reorganization, and mineralization of organic matter, and feeding of plants, soil microbial diversity is a determining component of soil health (Garbeva et al., 2004; Janvier et al., 2007; Cha…”

“oxysporum, to suppressiveness via siderophore-mediated competition for iron and via the production of antifungal phenazines (Lemanceau and Alabouvette, 1993; Duijff et al., 1999; Mazurier et al., 2009).”

“ITS1 was extracted using Fungal ITS Extractor, version 2 (Nilsson et al., 2010) and sequences were filtered based on a minimal length of 100 bp.”

“…soil sterilization, steam pasteurization, or gammairradiation and can be transferred by mixing a small amount of natural suppressive soil into both previously disinfected suppressive soil and natural conducive soil (Alabouvette, 1986; Weller et al., 2002; Garbeva et al., 2004; Mendes et al., 2011).”

“…the activity of the microorganisms directly involved in the targeted function is only possible in the presence of the different components of this community, without these components being directly involved in the function of interest (Tyc et al., 2014; Williams et al., 2014; Chao et al., 2016).”

“These specifically impacted formae speciales such as F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, whose growth was inhibited by α-humulene from strain F. oxysporum MSA35 (Minerdi et al., 2009).”

“Analyzing co-occurrence networks within suppressive and conducive soils microbial communities would test such hypothesis (Faust et al., 2015; Karimi et al., 2017).”

“…to the Pseudomonas genus should not be included in the list of bacterial taxa specifically present in the suppressive soil of Châteaurenard, while Lemanceau and Alabouvette (1993) andMazurier et al. (2009) isolated fluorescent Pseudomonas and showed that these strains indirectly reinforced…”

“On the contrary, a better efficiency of the biological control agents is obtained when microbial consortia and not single strains are used to control pathogenic fungi in soils and substrates (Danon et al., 2010; Jain et al., 2012; Pertot et al., 2017).”

“In the Chaetomium genus, and more specifically in the C. globosum species, strains produce polyketides such as chaetoviridin A or chaetoglobosin X, which inhibit F. oxysporum development (Park et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2012).”

“In most cases, attention was mainly paid to decipher the role of bacterial communities (Kyselková et al., 2009; Mendes et al., 2011; Gómez Expósito et al., 2017) while in the present study, both bacterial and fungal communities are taken into consideration.”

“…revealed that bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus contributed, in combination with non-pathogen F. oxysporum, to suppressiveness via siderophore-mediated competition for iron and via the production of antifungal phenazines (Lemanceau and Alabouvette, 1993; Duijff et al., 1999; Mazurier et al., 2009).”

“For bacterial identification, a 16S rRNA gene fragment (partial V3, V4 and partial V5) was amplified using primers 530F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′; Acosta-Martínez et al., 2008) and 803R (5′-CTACCNGGGTATCTAAT-3′; Zancarini et al., 2013).”

“For example, the presence and abundance of the Acremonium and Chaetomium genera were associated with reduced disease and reduced F. oxysporum abundance during field observations following specific agricultural practices (Zhao et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2015).”

“The suppressive character of Châteaurenard soil is not only due to the presence of non-pathogenic F. oxysporum and Pseudomonas fluorescens producing siderophores even though the role of these microorganisms was previously highlighted a lot (Alabouvette, 1986; Lemanceau et al., 1993).”

“Hence, growth of plant pathogens in soils and subsequent plant infection can be reduced through competitive interactions with the soil microbial community which results in defining disease suppressive soils (Weller et al., 2002; Raaijmakers et al., 2009; Lundgren and Fergen, 2011; Kyselková and Moënne-Loccoz, 2012; Pe…”

“Taxa were also found in studies aimed at identifying bacteria associated with soil suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt (Shen et al., 2014, 2015) or with agricultural practices reducing the infectious activity of pathogenic F. oxysporum (Klein et al., 2013; Naing et al., 2015).”

“Concerning the sequenced 16S region, sequences were analyzed using the GnS-PIPE pipeline initially developed by the GenoSol platform (INRA, Dijon, France) and recently optimized (Terrat et al., 2012, 2015).”

“…the activity of the microorganisms directly involved in the targeted function is only possible in the presence of the different components of this community, without these components being directly involved in the function of interest (Tyc et al., 2014; Williams et al., 2014; Chao et al., 2016).”

“Penicillium chrysogenum strains produce small cysteine-rich fungicidal proteins that target several fungal species including F. oxysporum (Kaiserer et al., 2003).”

“The protocol used for DNA extractions was described by Plassart et al. (2012).”

“Châteaurenard soil has been so far a unique model for understanding the microbial nature of soils naturally suppressive to Fusarium wilts (Alabouvette, 1986, 1999).”

“On the contrary, a better efficiency of the biological control agents is obtained when microbial consortia and not single strains are used to control pathogenic fungi in soils and substrates (Danon et al., 2010; Jain et al., 2012; Pertot et al., 2017).”

“General disease suppressiveness of soils is based on multitrophic interactions and can be modulated by soil management practices that affect total microbial activity (Mazzola and Gu, 2002; Stirling et al., 2012).”

“In the Chaetomium genus, and more specifically in the C. globosum species, strains produce polyketides such as chaetoviridin A or chaetoglobosin X, which inhibit F. oxysporum development (Park et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2012).”

“Actinobacteria are the most prolific production source of bioactive metabolites, among which various polyketides– antifungal compounds–thanks to many secondary metabolite gene clusters in their genomes (Hamedi and Mohammadipanah, 2015).”

“Then, aligned sequences were clustered into OTUs at 93.8% of similarity using the CrunchClust V43 program (Hartmann et al., 2012) that groups rare reads with abundant ones and does not count differences in homopolymer lengths (default parameters were selected).”

“Taxa were also found in studies aimed at identifying bacteria associated with soil suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt (Shen et al., 2014, 2015) or with agricultural practices reducing the infectious activity of pathogenic F. oxysporum (Klein et al., 2013; Naing et al., 2015).”

“Conversely, modifying the structure of microbial soil communities through agricultural practices can make soils temporarily suppressive to one disease or another (Westphal and Becker, 2001; Mazzola, 2007; Klein et al., 2013; Raaijmakers and Mazzola, 2016; Vida et al., 2016).”

“…from a combination of complementary mechanisms of fungal and bacterial origin, besides the role of the abiotic components (pH, clays type) which, although it has not been approached here, also participate in the microbiological functioning of the soil (Höper et al., 1995; Almario et al., 2013a,b).”

“Although the role of abiotic components cannot be ruled out (Amir and Alabouvette, 1993; Almario et al., 2013a), all of these demonstrations clearly indicate that a focus must be placed on the biotic component (Alabouvette, 1999).”

“…and subsequent plant infection can be reduced through competitive interactions with the soil microbial community which results in defining disease suppressive soils (Weller et al., 2002; Raaijmakers et al., 2009; Lundgren and Fergen, 2011; Kyselková and Moënne-Loccoz, 2012; Penton et al., 2014).”

“…soil, particularly in biogeochemical cycles, reorganization, and mineralization of organic matter, and feeding of plants, soil microbial diversity is a determining component of soil health (Garbeva et al., 2004; Janvier et al., 2007; Chaparro et al., 2012; Larkin, 2015; van Bruggen et al., 2015).”

“Clonostachys catenulatum and C. rosea are more known to inhibit F. graminearum development by producing lactonohydrolases or hydrophobins (Dubey et al., 2014; Popiel et al., 2014), but their ability to control F. oxysporum development by producing β-1,3glucanases besides mycoparasitism has also…”

“For example, the presence and abundance of the Acremonium and Chaetomium genera were associated with reduced disease and reduced F. oxysporum abundance during field observations following specific agricultural practices (Zhao et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2015).”

“These two genera, along with the Penicillium genus, had a similar effect on cereal diseases caused by the Fusarium Head Blight species complex in which F. oxysporum is however little involved (Vujanovic et al., 2012; Kohl et al., 2015).”

“Although they did not totally control the pathogen in the field, they contributed to decreasing disease incidence (Arfaoui et al., 2006).”

“…F. graminearum development by producing lactonohydrolases or hydrophobins (Dubey et al., 2014; Popiel et al., 2014), but their ability to control F. oxysporum development by producing β-1,3glucanases besides mycoparasitism has also been demonstrated (Chatterton and Punja, 2009; Tian et al., 2014).”

“Concerning the sequenced 16S region, sequences were analyzed using the GnS-PIPE pipeline initially developed by the GenoSol platform (INRA, Dijon, France) and recently optimized (Terrat et al., 2012, 2015).”

“…as intensive monoculture also led to the accumulation of pathogens and reduced the number and/or activity of beneficial bacteria, with a loss of soil suppressiveness to cotton Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 12 April 2018 | Volume 9 | Article 568 Fusarium wilt (Li et al., 2015).”

“For example, an A. chrysogenum strain controlled F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis development and reduced disease severity in dual conditions, in vermiculite (Suarez-Estrella et al., 2013).”

“Thus, bacteria of the Paenibacillus genus produce secondary metabolites such as fusaricidins A-D which are specifically toxic to certain fungi including F. oxysporum (Mousa and Raizada, 2015).”

“General disease suppressiveness of soils is based on multitrophic interactions and can be modulated by soil management practices that affect total microbial activity (Mazzola and Gu, 2002; Stirling et al., 2012).”

“Conversely, modifying the structure of microbial soil communities through agricultural practices can make soils temporarily suppressive to one disease or another (Westphal and Becker, 2001; Mazzola, 2007; Klein et al., 2013; Raaijmakers and Mazzola, 2016; Vida et al., 2016).”

“…catenulatum and C. rosea are more known to inhibit F. graminearum development by producing lactonohydrolases or hydrophobins (Dubey et al., 2014; Popiel et al., 2014), but their ability to control F. oxysporum development by producing β-1,3glucanases besides mycoparasitism has also been…”

“These two genera, along with the Penicillium genus, had a similar effect on cereal diseases caused by the Fusarium Head Blight species complex in which F. oxysporum is however little involved (Vujanovic et al., 2012; Kohl et al., 2015).”

“…and subsequent plant infection can be reduced through competitive interactions with the soil microbial community which results in defining disease suppressive soils (Weller et al., 2002; Raaijmakers et al., 2009; Lundgren and Fergen, 2011; Kyselková and Moënne-Loccoz, 2012; Penton et al., 2014).”

“For example, the presence and abundance of the Acremonium and Chaetomium genera were associated with reduced disease and reduced F. oxysporum abundance during field observations following specific agricultural practices (Zhao et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2015).”

“Taxa were also found in studies aimed at identifying bacteria associated with soil suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt (Shen et al., 2014, 2015) or with agricultural practices reducing the infectious activity of pathogenic F. oxysporum (Klein et al., 2013; Naing et al., 2015).”

“In market gardening, producers use disinfection methods (fumigation or/and steam) to control other soil-borne diseases such as damping-off during rotations (Navarrete et al., 2006).”

“Conversely, modifying the structure of microbial soil communities through agricultural practices can make soils temporarily suppressive to one disease or another (Westphal and Becker, 2001; Mazzola, 2007; Klein et al., 2013; Raaijmakers and Mazzola, 2016; Vida et al., 2016).”

“For bacterial identification, a 16S rRNA gene fragment (partial V3, V4 and partial V5) was amplified using primers 530F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′; Acosta-Martínez et al., 2008) and 803R (5′-CTACCNGGGTATCTAAT-3′; Zancarini et al., 2013).”

“…F. graminearum development by producing lactonohydrolases or hydrophobins (Dubey et al., 2014; Popiel et al., 2014), but their ability to control F. oxysporum development by producing β-1,3glucanases besides mycoparasitism has also been demonstrated (Chatterton and Punja, 2009; Tian et al., 2014).”

“These were analytical studies that revealed a huge diversity of mechanisms within genera, such as mentioned above, that confer an important bioprotective potential against numerous phytopathogenic targets including F. oxysporum (Daguerre et al., 2016).”

“On the contrary, a better efficiency of the biological control agents is obtained when microbial consortia and not single strains are used to control pathogenic fungi in soils and substrates (Danon et al., 2010; Jain et al., 2012; Pertot et al., 2017).”

“On the other hand, F. oxysporum has developed mechanisms of resistance to mycotoxins produced by other species from the Fusarium genus (Dawidziuk et al., 2016).”

“…nature of this pressure linked to the diversity of mechanisms affecting its metabolism, F. oxysporum has not as yet developed means to circumvent this pressure, despite the remarkable adaptability that it is otherwise able to express in various abiotic conditions (Steinberg et al., 2016).”

“Even though we could not isolate these taxa, it has previously been shown that Massilia and Dyadobacter have been associated with soils that can suppress Fusarium wilt (32, 33), while Terrabacter”

“Meta-barcoding analysis of Fusarium wilt-suppressive and conducive soils demonstrated that specific genera of fungi were exclusively present, and some bacterial genera were more abundant in suppressive soils (Siegel-Hertz et al., 2018).”

“…(Ko et al. 1989), Criconemella xenoplax (Kluepfel et al. 1993), Phytophthora infestans (Andrivon 1994),Fusarium oxysporum (Alabouvette et al. 1993; Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018), Rhizoctonia solani (Wiseman et al. 1996), Meloidogyne spp. (WeibelzahlFulton et al. 1996), Gaeumannomyces graminis var.…”

“oxysporum can thrive as a plant pathogen (Klein et al., 2013; Siegel-Hertz et al., 2018).”

“While not conducted in a vineyard, Siegel-Hertz et al. (2018) [140] used soil transplants from suppressive soil to show inhibiting effects on Fusarium wilt conductive soils.”

“The Châteaure - nard disease-suppressive soil exclusively harbored fungal OTUs belonging to 10 genera and enriched 11 bacteria genera compared to the conducive soil (Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018 ).”

“ETI typically causes a hypersensitivity response (HR), or programmed cell death, at the infection site and activates systemic defense signals, which prevent the spread of pathogens locally [59].”

“Soil suppressiveness has already been reported to a great number of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes (Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018).”

“, 2011), but often it is not clear which species play an important role in the protective effect (Siegel‐Hertz et al., 2018).”

“Primarily, SS depends on the activities of soil microorganisms and their metabolites [87, 127] as well as on soil physicochemical properties and environmental factors.”

“suppressive soils [10, 54], because higher abundances of these genera were negatively correlated with the abundances of Fusarium, F.”

“towards Pythium irregulare [28], Fusarium wilt [29], and Rhizoctonia solani [27].”

“…Reports published by Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Environmental Microbiology Reports, 13, 582–590 et al., 2016; Siegel-Hertz et al., 2018), take-all decline soils (Cook and Rovira, 1976; Duran et al., 2017; Raaijmakers and Weller, 1998) and others (for reviews…”

“Studies on disease suppressive soils found that by adding 10% disease suppressive soil to disease conducive soil, the suppressive properties were successfully transferred, although not to the same extent as in 100% disease suppressive soil (Haas and Défago, 2005; Mendes et al., 2011; Siegel-Hertz et al., 2018).”

“…species of Pseudomonas , Bacillus , Actinomycetes , Stenotrophomonas , Arthrobacter , Streptomyces , Chryseolinea, Arthrobacter, Rhizobium, Rhizobacter, Lysobacter, Serratia, Enterobacter etc. (Rosenzweig et al. 2012; Durán et al. 2018; Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018; Li et al. 2019; de Corato 2020).”

“…relative abundance of bacteria, especially antagonistic bacteria, can significantly reduce the harm of pathogens (Latz et al. 2012; Mendes et al. 2018; Wei et al. 2019), even forming disease-suppressive soil to protect plant health (Mendes et al. 2011; Cha et al. 2016; Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018).”

“Actinobacteria are considered the most prolific source of bioactive antifungal metabolites, including polyketides [43].”

“Here, we explore a “back to the roots” approach, studying the microbial community and plant complementarity traits from indigenous communities (Dini-Andreote and Raaijmakers, 2018; Oyserman et al., 2018; Siegel-Hertz et al., 2018; Kaminsky et al., 2019; French et al., 2021).”

“Disease-sup-pressive soils also exist in which host plants are less impacted by soil-borne plant pathogen infection by exploiting the soil microbiota that is present for disease suppression (Mendes et al., 2011; Siegel-Hertz et al., 2018).”

“A recent microbiome study (29) revealed that fungal diversity differs between suppressive and conducive soils, and that several genera of fungi and bacteria, which are known for their activities against F.”

“Previous studies have suggested that the reduced diversity of microbial communities in soils that have been under long-term rotation cultivation is due to pathogenic fungi occupying a dominant position in rhizosphere soil communities as well as interspecific competition, while some of the corresponding beneficial fung…”

“…due to the fact that pathogenic bacteria occupy a dominant position in the interspecific competition of rhizosphere soil communities and gradually become dominant species, while some of the corresponding beneficial bacteria may be eliminated due to weak competitiveness (Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018).”

“Similarly, in Fusarium wilt suppressive soil, a higher abundance of several biocontrol fungal genera was observed [20, 22].”

“The possible Cladosporium - P. horiana relationships was by antibiotic mechanism Evi Silvia Yusuf et al.: Cladosporium sp. for White Rust Control in Chrysanthemum..................................................... Copyright © 2019 Universitas Brawijaya that affecting teliospores morphology.”

“Among these metabolites DAPG and phenazines are well-studied antibiotics produced by several fluorescent pseudomonads suppressing the incidence of Fusarium wilt and take-all disease (Mazurier et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2018; Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018).”

“Several previous studies showed that soil microbes were essential in stimulating the growth of plants such as rice and cork oak [14,15].”

“Soil disease suppressiveness primarily relies on the mechanisms of nutrient competition and specific antagonism caused by soil micro flora [8].”

“Numerous studies have linked them to suppr essiv eness a gainst plant pathogens (Andr eo-Jimenez et al. 2021 , Lv et al. 2024 , Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018 ).”

“Members of Rubrobacter tolerate extreme conditions, such as drought and radiation stress ( R. radiotolerans ), some are salt tolerant [56], and the genus was found to be more abundant in Fusarium wilt-suppressive soils than in non-repressive ones [57].”

“The growth of plant pathogens in soil can be reduced through competitive interactions with the soil microbial community, resulting in suppressive soils (Döring et al., 2020; Naylor et al., 2020; Siegel-Hertz et al., 2018).”

“Pseudomonas spp was identified as a key taxon for Panama disease suppressiveness [ 42 ] .”

“46 Morter-iella had also previously been enriched in chitin-modi fi ed soil 47 and its presence has been linked to enhanced disease suppres-siveness following soil fumigation and biofertilizer application.”

“Although there are no studies reporting potential functions of Microvirga as a biocontrol agent, the enrichment of this bacterial genus in suppressive soils has been reported by [78].”

“Mortierella and Trichoderma, and non-pathogenic Fusarium and Verticillium, Ascomycota phylum genera previously described for their antagonistic activity against diverse plant pathogens (Soman et al. 1999; Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018), were present in all four Year-2 Waikato soils, but were not correlated with suppression…”

“…dominant fungal phyla in the soils used in this study, and although several Ascomycota fungi can confer suppressiveness (Raaijmakers et al. 2009; Siegel-Hertz et al. 2018), as an overall group there is no evidence to suggest that this phyla affected FBR incidence in the Foc inoculation…”