Optimizing postbiotic production through solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens J and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SN4 enhances antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities
Open accessAbstract
Background: Postbiotics are an emerging research interest in recent years and are fairly advanced compared to prebiotics and probiotics. The composition and function of postbiotics are closely related to fermentation conditions. Methods: In this study, we developed a solid-state fermentation preparation method for postbiotics with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The antibacterial activity was improved 3.62 times compared to initial fermentation conditions by using optimization techniques such as single factor experiments, Plackett–Burman design (PBD), steepest ascent method (SAM), and central composite design (CCD) methods. The optimized conditions were carried out with an initial water content of 50% for 8 days at 37°C and fermentation strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens J and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SN4 at a ratio of 1:1 with a total inoculum size of 8%. The optimized SSF medium content ratios of peptide powder, wheat bran, corn flour, and soybean meal were 4, 37.4, 30, and 28.6%, respectively. Results: Under these optimized conditions, postbiotics with a concentration of 25 mg/mL showed significant broad-spectrum antibacterial capabilities against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus and strong antioxidant activity against ABTS, DPPH, and OH radicals. Moreover, the optimized postbiotics exhibited good anti-inflammatory ability for reducing nitric oxide (NO) secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in response to LPS-induced inflammation. Furthermore, the postbiotics significantly improved intestinal epithelial wound healing capabilities after mechanical injury, such as cell scratches in IPEC-J2 cells ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: In brief, we developed postbiotics through optimized solid-state fermentation with potential benefits for gut health. Therefore, our findings suggested that the novel postbiotics could be used as potential functional food products for improving body health.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
LAB strains possess metabolic enzymes such as esterases, decarboxylases, and reductases that synthesize or biotransform precursor molecules into phenolic and flavonoid compounds during fermentation.
“It is widely documented that LAB strains possess metabolic enzymes, such as esterases, decarboxylases, and reductases, which actively synthesize or biotransform precursor molecules into the phenolic and flavonoid compounds detected during fermentation73,74.”
From Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus TMPC 41127 isolated from traditional cheese in inhibiting Salmonella Typhi biofilms and virulence genes (2026) · cites this paper as [74]
The Introduction reports that LAB postbiotics have total phenolic content, and Results §3.5 reports increased phenolic acid, including ferulic acid, after fermentation optimization (page numbers unavailable). The paper does not identify esterases, decarboxylases, or reductases as the mechanism, establish synthesis or biotransformation of precursors by LAB, or report flavonoid compounds. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 86 · Cited by 70
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Tan X. S. Wu J. W. Li G. Q. Tang X. Y. Lu S. Z. Li Q. T. (2021). Optimization of folin-ciocalteu method for the determination of total polyphenols in hemp seed oil. Food Res. Dev. 42, 166– 173. 10.12161/j.issn.1005-6521.2021.02.027 · DOI
- Authors
- Tong, Y., Guo, H., Abbas, Z., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Cheng, Q., Peng, S., Yang, T., Bai, T., Zhou, Y., Li, J., Wei, X., Si, D., & Zhang, R.
- Affiliations
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition (CN)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Rijun
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-09-07
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1229952-1229952
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10512978
- OpenAlex
- W4386498316
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17
- FWCI
- 10.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Quality and Safety Studies
- Keywords
- postbiotics, solid-state fermentation, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Lactobacillus plantarum, antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, nitric oxide, functional foods, fermentation medium optimization, gut health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
