Cited by 2Celiac Disease Research and ManagementFood composition and propertiesFood Safety and Hygiene

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Lentils and Gluten Cross Contact

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Thompson, Tricia, Lyons, Trisha Bury, Keller, Amy·2022·Frontiers in Nutrition

Abstract

Lentils are naturally gluten-free and are recommended for people with celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. However, like oats, they appear to be at a heightened risk of cross contact with gluten-containing grains. The purpose of this study was to spot check for the presence of errant gluten-containing grains in a variety of brands of lentils purchased in 2021. Twenty-five bags of different dry lentil products representing 24 brands were purchased online and at various grocery stores. Each bag of lentils was individually hand sorted. Two of the 25 packages of lentils contained errant gluten-containing grains. One 16-ounce (454 g) bag contained a grain of wheat. Another 16-ounce (454 g) bag contained a grain of wheat and a grain of barley. For a product to be considered gluten-free in the United States, it must contain <20 mg of gluten per kilogram (or 20 parts per million of gluten). A product at the 20-ppm level of gluten should contain no more than 2 intact gluten-containing grains per kilogram or 35.27 ounces (1,000 g) of food (or 1 intact gluten-containing grain in 17.64 ounces [500 g] of food). Based on these calculations, a 16-ounce (454 g) bag of lentils containing 1 intact gluten-containing grain would not be considered gluten-free. Lentils are at risk of cross contact with gluten-containing grain. Consumers should continue to sort through lentils removing foreign grain, and rinse sorted lentils under running water to remove grain dust before cooking.

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Figure 1 Errant grain found in two different brands of labeled gluten-free lentils later recalled by FDA. Photo credit (left) Kathleen Warthen.
Figure 1 Errant grain found in two different brands of labeled gluten-free lentils later recalled by FDA. Photo credit (left) Kathleen Warthen.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Errant wheat grain.
Figure 2 Errant wheat grain.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Errant wheat and barley grain.
Figure 3 Errant wheat and barley grain.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Allred, 2018, The use of visual examination for determining the presence of gluten-containing grains in gluten free oats and other grains, seeds, beans, pulses, and legumes, J AOAC Int, 101, 36, 10.5740/jaoacint.170414 · DOI
  2. Catassi, 2007, A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to establish a safe gluten threshold for patients with celiac disease, Am J Clin Nutr., 85, 160, 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.160 · DOI
  3. Thompson, 2018, When foods contain both a gluten-free claim and an allergen advisory statement for wheat: should consumers be concerned?, Eur J Clin Nutr., 72, 931, 10.1038/s41430-018-0141-y · DOI
  4. Thompson, 2016, Allergen advisory statements for wheat: do they help U.S. consumers with celiac disease make safe food choices?, Eur J Clin Nutr., 70, 1341, 10.1038/ejcn.2016.155 · DOI
  5. Chapter 3. USA Dry Pea, Lentil & Chickpea Production
  6. Processing Information and Technical Manual USAPulses Chapter 3. Production. Legumes

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Metadata

Authors
Thompson, T., Lyons, T. B., & Keller, A.
Affiliations
MetroHealth (US)
Corresponding author
Thompson, Tricia
Venue
Frontiers in Nutrition
Published
2022-04-29
Volume
9
Pages
867954-867954
ISSN
2296-861X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4225133950
Cited by
2
References
0
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 1
FWCI
0.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
Keywords
lentil, gluten-free foods, celiac disease, wheat contamination, gluten-free labeling, food safety, grain sorting

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Lentils and Gluten Cross Contact. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3389/fnut.2022.867954
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Thompson, T., Lyons, T. B., & Keller, A. (2022). Lentils and Gluten Cross Contact. Frontiers in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.867954