The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Early Childhood Caries: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Open accessAbstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is major oral health problem, mainly in socially disadvantaged populations. ECC affects infants and preschool children worldwide. The prevalence of ECC differs according to the group examined, and a prevalence of up to 85% has been reported for disadvantaged groups. ECC is the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled primary teeth in children aged 71 months (5 years) or younger. It begins with white-spot lesions in the upper primary incisors along the margin of the gingiva. If the disease continues, caries can progress, leading to complete destruction of the crown. The main risk factors in the development of ECC can be categorized as microbiological, dietary, and environmental risk factors. Even though it is largely a preventable condition, ECC remains one of the most common childhood diseases. The major contributing factors for the for the high prevalence of ECC are improper feeding practices, familial socioeconomic background, lack of parental education, and lack of access to dental care. Oral health plays an important role in children to maintain the oral functions and is required for eating, speech development, and a positive self-image. The review will focus on the prevalence, risk factors, and preventive strategies and the management of ECC.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay
Loesche, W. J. (1986) · Microbiological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mr.50.4.353-380.1986 · Cited by 6,171
Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay.
Loeshe, W. J. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,346
Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents
Marinho, V. C., Worthington, H. V., Walsh, T., & Clarkson, J. E. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002279.pub2 · Cited by 1,022
Risk factors for dental caries in young children: a systematic review of the literature.
Harris, R. V., Nicoll, A. D., Adair, P., & Pine, C. M. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 722
Drury, T. F., Horowitz, A. M., Ismail, A. I., Maertens, M. P., Rozier, R. G., & Selwitz, R. H. (1999) · Journal of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03268.x · Cited by 588
From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities
Watt, R. G. (2007) · Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00348.x · Cited by 556
Molecular Analysis of Bacterial Species Associated with Childhood Caries
Becker, M. R., Paster, B. J., Leys, E. J., Moeschberger, M. L., Kenyon, S. G., Galvin, J. L., Boches, S. K., Dewhirst, F. E., & Griffen, A. L. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.40.3.1001-1009.2002 · Cited by 546
Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents
Marinho, V. C., Chong, L.-Y., Worthington, H. V., & Walsh, T. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002284.pub2 · Cited by 450
Dental Caries and Beverage Consumption in Young Children
Marshall, T. A., Levy, S. M., Broffitt, B., Warren, J. J., Eichenberger-Gilmore, J. M., Burns, T. L., & Stumbo, P. J. (2003) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.112.3.e184 · Cited by 377
Caries‐preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste: a systematic review
Twetman, S., Axelsson, S., Dahlgren, H., Holm, A., Källestål, C., Lagerlöf, F., Lingström, P., Mejàre, I., Nordenram, G., Norlund, A., et al. (2003) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016350310007590 · Cited by 342
Cited by
Liu, M., Song, Q., Xu, X., & Lai, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.959125 · Cited by 31
“The etiology of ECC includes cariogenic microorganisms and dietary and host determinants, which are influenced by multiple behavioral, sociological, and environmental factors, such as parental oralhealth knowledge, family income, and dental utilization (6, 7).”
BackgroundMatar, M. A., Darwish, S. S., Salma, R. S., & Lotfy, W. A. (2023) · European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1007/s40368-023-00811-4 · Cited by 5
Mohapatra, S., & Mohandas, R. (2025) · Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1788659 · Cited by 3
Silva, G. A., Cantão, D. A. A., Sampaio, V. H. G., Canevari, L. V. T., Aranega, A. M., Garcia, W. G., Antoniali Silva, C., & Brandini, D. A. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14101347
“The presence of untreated dental caries is associated with negative impacts on specific daily activities, such as difficulty eating and sleeping, and may consequently affect psychological and physical development [10,11].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Anil, S., & Anand, P. S.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-07-18
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 157-157
- ISSN
- 2296-2360 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2736917236
- Cited by
- 685
- References
- 67
- FWCI
- 40.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Early Childhood Caries: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Prevention. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3389/fped.2017.00157
- The paper
- Anil, S., & Anand, P. S. (2017). Early Childhood Caries: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Frontiers in Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00157
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
