CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 14Ovarian function and disordersEndometriosis Research and TreatmentGenetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases

The Effect of Free Androgen Index on the Quality of Life of Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study

Open access
Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani, Deshmukh, Harshal, Mohammed, Irfaan, Atkin, Stephen, Reid, Marie, Sathyapalan, Thozhukat·2021·Frontiers in Physiology
DOI 10.3389/fphys.2021.652559PMC PMC8181761
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Purpose: Free androgen index (FAI) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) are independently associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to describe the relationship between these two markers and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in women with PCOS. Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 81 women in the Hull PCOS biobank, who fulfilled the Rotterdam consensus criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS. The primary outcome was to measure the various domains of the QoL in the modified polycystic ovary syndrome questionnaire (MPCOSQ). Results: Mean age of the study participants was 28 ± 6.0 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 33.5 ± 7.8 kg/m 2, mean FAI (6 ± 5.5), free testosterone (2.99 ± 0.75) and mean AMH (3.5 ± 0.8 units). In linear regression analysis, the FAI was associated with overall mean MPCOSQ score (Beta = 0.53, P-value = 0.0002), and with depression (Beta = 0.45, P-value = 0.01), hirsutism (Beta = 0.99, P-value = 0.0002) and menstrual irregularity (Beta = 0.31, P-value = 0.04). However, with adjustment for age and BMI, FAI was only associated with the hirsutism domain (Beta = 0.94, P-value = 0.001) of the MPCOSQ. FAI was also associated with the weight domain (Beta = 0.63 P-value = 0.005) of MPCOSQ. However, AMH was not associated with the overall mean MPCOSQ score or with any of its domains. Conclusion: FAI but not AMH was associated with QoL in women with PCOS, and this effect was mediated by BMI.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fphys.2021.652559

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The free androgen index (FAI) is widely utilized in clinical laboratories and clinical studies because of its accessibility.

    “Because of its accessibility, the FAI is widely utilized in clinical laboratories and clinical studies spanning different disciplines in medicine [216, 217].”

    From Role of sex hormone-binding globulin in the free hormone hypothesis and the relevance of free testosterone in androgen physiology (2022) · cites this paper as [217]

    The Materials and Methods section (Laboratory Measurement; page unavailable) shows that this clinical study calculated FAI from measured testosterone and SHBG. It does not say that FAI is widely used across clinical laboratories or medical disciplines, or that accessibility is the reason for its use. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 31

  1. Abbara A. Eng P. C. Phylactou M. Clarke S. A. Hunjan T. Roberts R. (2019). Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in the Diagnosis of Menstrual Disturbance Due to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 10: 656. 10.3389/fendo.2019.00656 31616381 PMC6775233 · DOI
  2. Acmaz G. Albayrak E. Acmaz B. Baser M. Soyak M. Zararsiz G. (2013). Level of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, social anxiety, and quality of life among the women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Sci. World J 2013: 851815. PMC3725786 23935436
  3. Alviggi C. Conforti A. De Rosa P. Strina I. Palomba S. Vallone R. (2017). The distribution of stroma and antral follicles differs between insulin-resistance and hyperandrogenism-related polycystic ovarian syndrome. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 8: 117. 10.3389/fendo.2017.00117 28620353 PMC5449504 · DOI
  4. Amiri M. Bidhendi Yarandi R. Nahidi F. Tohidi M. Ramezani Tehrani F. (2019). The relationship between clinical and biochemical characteristics and quality of life in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. 90 129– 137. 10.1111/cen.13858 30229992 · DOI
  5. Barnard L. Ferriday D. Guenther N. Strauss B. Balen A. H. Dye L. (2007). Quality of life and psychological well being in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 22 2279– 2286. 10.1093/humrep/dem108 17537782 · DOI
  6. Bazarganipour F. Ziaei S. Montazeri A. Faghihzadeh S. Frozanfard F. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Iranian version of modified polycystic ovary syndrome health-related quality-of-life questionnaire. Hum. Reprod. 27 2729– 2736. 10.1093/humrep/des199 22740491 · DOI
  7. Calzada M. Lopez N. Noguera J. A. Mendiola J. Hernandez A. I. Corbalan S. (2019). AMH in combination with SHBG for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 39 1130– 1136. 10.1080/01443615.2019.1587604 31208261 · DOI
  8. Deshmukh H. Papageorgiou M. Kilpatrick E. S. Atkin S. L. Sathyapalan T. (2019). Development of a novel risk prediction and risk stratification score for polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. 90 162– 169. 10.1111/cen.13879 30339716 · DOI
  9. Dokras A. (2012). Mood and anxiety disorders in women with PCOS. Steroids 77 338– 341. 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.008 22178257 · DOI
  10. Dong Y. Z. Zhou F. J. Sun Y. P. (2017). Psychological stress is related to a decrease of serum Anti-Mullerian hormone level in infertile women. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 15: 51. 28693593 PMC5504612
  11. Evliyaoglu O. Imohl M. Weiskirchen R. van Helden J. (2020). Age-specific reference values improve the diagnostic performance of AMH in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 58 1291– 1301. 10.1515/cclm-2019-1059 32069226 · DOI
  12. Guo M. Chen Z. J. Macklon N. S. Shi Y. H. Westerveld H. E. Eijkemans M. J. (2010). Cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics of infertile Chinese women with PCOS diagnosed according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria. Reprod. Biomed. Online 21 572– 580. 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.04.032 20800551 · DOI
  13. Guyatt G. Weaver B. Cronin L. Dooley J. A. Azziz R. (2004). Health-related quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, a self-administered questionnaire, was validated. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 57 1279– 1287. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.10.018 15617954 · DOI
  14. Hahn S. Janssen O. E. Tan S. Pleger K. Mann K. Schedlowski M. (2005). Clinical and psychological correlates of quality-of-life in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 153 853– 860. 16322391
  15. Hassa H. Tanir H. M. Yildiz Z. (2006). Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics of cases with polycystic ovarian syndrome based on Rotterdam’s criteria and women whose only clinical signs are oligo/anovulation or hirsutism. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 274 227– 232. 10.1007/s00404-006-0173-8 16691383 · DOI
  16. Homburg R. (2006). Pregnancy complications in PCOS. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 20 281– 292. 10.1016/j.beem.2006.03.009 16772158 · DOI
  17. Jones G. L. Benes K. Clark T. L. Denham R. Holder M. G. Haynes T. J. (2004). The polycystic ovary syndrome health-related quality of life questionnaire (PCOSQ): a validation. Hum. Reprod. 19 371– 377. 10.1093/humrep/deh048 14747184 · DOI
  18. Kamalanathan S. Sahoo J. P. Sathyapalan T. (2013). Pregnancy in polycystic ovary syndrome. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 17 37– 43. 10.1007/978-1-59745-108-6_4 23776851 PMC3659904 · DOI
  19. Koch L. (2011). Reproductive endocrinology: androgens inversely related to depression in PCOS. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 7: 438. 10.1038/nrendo.2011.97 21670758 · DOI
  20. Komarowska H. Stangierski A. Warmuz-Stangierska I. Lodyga M. Ochmanska K. Wasko R. (2013). Differences in the psychological and hormonal presentation of lean and obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 34 669– 674. 24464003
  21. Livadas S. Chaskou S. Kandaraki A. A. Skourletos G. Economou F. Christou M. (2011). Anxiety is associated with hormonal and metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. 75 698– 703. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04122.x 21605157 · DOI
  22. Panidis D. Tziomalos K. Misichronis G. Papadakis E. Betsas G. Katsikis I. (2012). Insulin resistance and endocrine characteristics of the different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective study. Hum. Reprod. 27 541– 549. 10.1093/humrep/der418 22144419 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Pehlivanov B. Orbetzova M. (2007). Characteristics of different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome in a Bulgarian population. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 23 604– 609. 10.1080/09513590701536246 17852429 · DOI
  24. Podfigurna-Stopa A. Luisi S. Regini C. Katulski K. Centini G. Meczekalski B. (2015). Mood disorders and quality of life in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 31 431– 434. 10.3109/09513590.2015.1009437 26204044 · DOI
  25. Rall K. Conzelmann G. Schaffeler N. Henes M. Wallwiener D. Mohrle M. (2014). Acne and PCOS are less frequent in women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome despite a high rate of hyperandrogenemia: a cross-sectional study. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 12: 23. 10.1186/1477-7827-12-23 24641817 PMC4003801 · DOI
  26. Rasgon N. L. Rao R. C. Hwang S. Altshuler L. L. Elman S. Zuckerbrow-Miller J. (2003). Depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical correlates. J. Affect. Disord. 74 299– 304. 12738050
  27. Rotterdam Ea-SPcwg. (2004). Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum. Reprod. 19 41– 47. 10.1093/humrep/deh098 14688154 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Sathyapalan T. Al-Qaissi A. Kilpatrick E. S. Dargham S. R. Keevil B. Atkin S. L. (2018). Salivary and serum androgens with anti-Mullerian hormone measurement for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Sci. Rep. 8: 3795. 29491484 PMC5830572
  29. Taghavi S. A. Bazarganipour F. Montazeri A. Kazemnejad A. Chaman R. Khosravi A. (2015). Health-related quality of life in polycystic ovary syndrome patients: a systematic review. Iranian J. Reprod. Med. 13: 473. PMC4637111 26568749
  30. Trent M. E. Rich M. Austin S. B. Gordon C. M. (2003). Fertility concerns and sexual behavior in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: implications for quality of life. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol. 16 33– 37. 10.1016/s1083-3188(02)00205-x 12604144 · DOI
  31. Yilmaz M. Isaoglu U. Delibas I. B. Kadanali S. (2011). Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory comparison of four phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome based on Rotterdam criteria. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 37 1020– 1026. 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01478.x 21481088 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Abdalla, M. A., Deshmukh, H., Mohammed, I., Atkin, S., Reid, M., & Sathyapalan, T.
Affiliations
  • University of Hull (GB)
  • Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain (BH)
Corresponding author
Sathyapalan, Thozhukat
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Physiology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-05-24
Volume
12
Pages
652559-652559
ISSN
1664-042X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fphys.2021.652559
PMC
PMC8181761
OpenAlex
W3165413408
Cited by
14
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3
FWCI
1.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases
Keywords
polycystic ovary syndrome, free androgen index, anti-Müllerian hormone, health-related quality of life, hirsutism, depression, menstrual irregularity, body mass index, free testosterone

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review