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Cited by 147Eating Disorders and BehaviorsBody Image and Dysmorphia StudiesNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

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The relationship of sex and sexual orientation to self-esteem, body shape satisfaction, and eating disorder symptomatology

Open access
Yean, Chetra, Benau, Erik M., Dakanalis, Antonios, Hormes, Julia M., Perone, Julie, Timko, C. Alix·2013·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00887PMC PMC3841718
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Abstract

There is increasing interest in understanding what role, if any, sex and sexual orientation play in body dissatisfaction, its correlates to distress, and its relationship to disordered eating. The goals of the present study were to examine: (a) differences in sex and sexual orientation in internalization of societal pressure to modify physical appearance, components of body image dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and eating disorder symptomatology and (b) whether the internalization-eating disorder symptomatology was mediated by the different components of body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem. The present data support several key trends in the literature: men generally reported less body dissatisfaction, internalization of socio-cultural standards of beauty, drive for thinness, and disordered eating, but a greater drive for muscularity than women; results also indicated that different components of body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between internalization and eating disorder symptomatology. Gay men reported significantly more body dissatisfaction, internalization, eating disorder symptomatology, drive for thinness, and drive for muscularity than heterosexual men. Compared to heterosexual women, lesbians reported increased drive for muscularity, lower self-esteem, and lower internalization; however, they did not significantly differ on body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness or disordered eating. Correlation coefficients between body shape dissatisfaction and several aspects of mental distress were significantly larger for gay men than heterosexual men; the same coefficients did not differ between lesbian women and heterosexual women. Results of path analyses indicated that the relationship between internalization and disordered eating differs for gay and heterosexual men but not for lesbian and heterosexual women. These results call attention to lesbians as a generally understudied population.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00887

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Figure 1 Model of the relationship between internalization of socio-cultural standards of beauty and disordered eating for men. Revised model with significant paths added. Path coefficients for the full sample of men as well as for the sub-samples of heterosexual (right side) and gay/bisexual men (left side) are presented (all ps < 0.05). The bold values within parentheses indicate a significant difference between heterosexual (right side) and gay/bisexual (left side) men.
Figure 1 Model of the relationship between internalization of socio-cultural standards of beauty and disordered eating for men. Revised model with significant paths added. Path coefficients for the full sample of men as well as for the sub-samples of heterosexual (right side) and gay/bisexual men (left side) are presented (all ps < 0.05). The bold values within parentheses indicate a significant difference between heterosexual (right side) and gay/bisexual (left side) men.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Model of the relationship between internalization of socio-cultural standards of beauty and disordered eating for women. Revised model with significant paths added. Path coefficients for the full sample of women as well as for the sub-samples of heterosexual (right side) and gay/bisexual women (left side) are presented (all ps < 0.01).
Figure 2 Model of the relationship between internalization of socio-cultural standards of beauty and disordered eating for women. Revised model with significant paths added. Path coefficients for the full sample of women as well as for the sub-samples of heterosexual (right side) and gay/bisexual women (left side) are presented (all ps < 0.01).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Byrne B. (2011). Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus: Basic Concepts, Application and Programming. New York, NY: Routledge
  2. Grogan S. (2008). Body image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women, and Children, 2 Edn. New York, NY: Routledge

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Metadata

Authors
Yean, C., Benau, E. M., Dakanalis, A., Hormes, J. M., Perone, J., & Timko, C. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • University of the Sciences (US)
  • University of Pavia (IT)
  • West Chester University (US)
Corresponding author
Timko, C. Alix
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2013
Volume
4
Pages
887-887
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00887
PMC
PMC3841718
OpenAlex
W2161576451
Cited by
147
References
58
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6
FWCI
8.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords
sexual orientation, sex differences, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, drive for thinness, drive for muscularity, gay men, lesbians, disordered eating, mediation

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