Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and inflammation: what does current knowledge tell us? A systematic review
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BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex condition that interferes with development and/or functioning. Our objective is to investigate the potential association between ADHD and inflammation. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of human studies measuring inflammatory markers in ADHD. The studies were identified by searching PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PSYCHINFO, COCHRANE, and SCOPUS databases for peer-reviewed journals published until September 2016. We included cytokine gene expression and protein measured. Fourteen papers met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Seven studies evaluated the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms in ADHD, and six studies measured cytokines levels in blood. One study analyzed the presence of cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with ADHD. Altogether, these studies indicate a possible role of inflammation in ADHD pathogenesis, despite the significant heterogeneity and contradictory results. CONCLUSION: Evidence points to the association of ADHD with inflammatory processes, but more studies are warranted.
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In a systematic review of 14 studies, no study assessed the relationship between psychostimulant treatment and neuroinflammation, so the relevance of preclinical models of neuroinflammation to psychostimulant treatment in individuals with ADHD is unknown.
“In a systematic review of 14 studies (266), no study assessed the relationship between psychostimulant treatment and neuroinflammation so the relevance of preclinical models of neuroinflammation to psychostimulant treatment in individuals with ADHD is unknown.”
From The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities (2018) · cites this paper as [266]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPatients with ADHD symptomology have higher serum cytokine levels than non-ADHD controls.
“patients displaying ADHD symptomology have higher serum cytokine levels than non-ADHD controls (Anand et al., 2017; Darwish et al., 2018; Donfrancesco et al., 2016a; Donfrancesco et al., 2016b; O’Shea et al., 2014).”
From Neuroinflammation as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Anand et al., 2017
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References 32 · Cited by 221
- Authors
- Anand, D., Colpo, G. D., Zeni, G., Zeni, C. P., & Teixeira, A. L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Colpo, Gabriela D.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-11-09
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 228-228
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5684106
- OpenAlex
- W2767576279
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inflammation, cytokines, cytokine gene polymorphisms, inflammatory markers, cerebrospinal fluid cytokines, ADHD pathogenesis
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