Biological and cognitive theories explaining panic disorder: A narrative review
Open accessAbstract
The current narrative review summarizes and examines several theories of panic disorder (PD) including biological theories, encompassing neurochemical factors, metabolic and genetic theories, respiratory and hyperventilation theories and cognitive theory. Biological theories have informed the development of psychopharmacological treatments; however, they may be limited in their utility given the efficacy of psychological treatments. In particular, behavioral and, more recently, cognitive models have garnered support due to the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) in treating PD. The role of combination treatments has been found to be superior in the treatment of PD in particular cases, lending support for the need for an integrated approach and model for PD given that the etiology of PD is complex and multifactorial.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Preliminary studies suggest ACT may influence neural and autonomic markers of emotional regulation, though mechanisms remain under investigation.
“Preliminary studies suggest ACT may influence neural and autonomic markers of emotional regulation, though mechanisms remain under investigation [79].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [79]
The Neuroanatomical theories and animal models section discusses neural circuits and autonomic arousal in panic, while the Cognitive theories section discusses CBT and exposure therapy. Searches for ACT and acceptance and commitment therapy found no passage linking ACT to neural or autonomic markers of emotional regulation. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 160 · Cited by 24
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [15]Kaur KK Allahbadia G Singh M. Can thyalakoids replace bariatric surgery for long term maintenance of weight loss in obesity giving a more physiological approach. Obes Control Ther. (2018) 5: 1– 10. Available online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326718744_Can_Thylakoids_Replace_Bariatric_Surgery_for_Long_Term_Maintenance_of_Weight_Loss_in_Obesity_Giving_A_More_Physiological_Approach
- [51]Appleby IL Klein DF Sachar EJ Levitt M. Biochemical Indices of Lactate-Induced Panic: a Preliminary Report Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts. Norris, MT: Raven Press (1981), p. 411– 23.
- [86]Ter Horst GJ Streefland C. Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. Ascending Projections of the Solitary Tract Nucleus. London: CRS Press (1994) p. 93– 103.
- Authors
- Kyriakoulis, P., & Kyrios, M.
- Affiliations
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Kyriakoulis, Peter
- Kyrios, Michael
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-01-30
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 957515-957515
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9924294
- OpenAlex
- W4318482856
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- panic disorder, etiology, biological theory, cognitive theory, neurochemistry, genetic theory, metabolic theory, hyperventilation, cognitive-behavioral model, psychopharmacological treatment, psychological intervention, combination therapy, integrated treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
