CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 15

Social cohesion and attitudinal changes toward migration: A longitudinal perspective amid the COVID-19 pandemic

Castillo, Juan Carlos, Bonhomme, Macarena, Miranda, Daniel, Iturra, Julio·2023·Frontiers in Sociology
DOI 10.3389/fsoc.2022.1009567PMC PMC9899890
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted social interactions and coexistence around the globe in dimensions that go far beyond health issues. In the case of the Global South, the pandemic has developed along with growing South-South migratory movements, becoming another key factor that might reinforce social conflict in increasingly multicultural areas as migrants have historically served as “scapegoats” for unexpected crises as a way to control and manage diversity. Chile is one of the main destination countries for migrants from the Latin American and Caribbean region, and COVID-19 outbreaks in migrant housing have intensified discrimination. In such a context, there is a need for understanding how the pandemic has potentially changed the way non-migrants perceive and interact with migrant neighbors. Drawing on the national social cohesion panel survey study ELSOC (2016–2021, N = 2,927) the aim is to analyze the changes in non-migrants' attitudes toward migrants—related to dimensions of social cohesion—over the last years and their relation with individual status and territorial factors. We argue that social cohesion in increasingly multicultural societies is partially threatened in times of crisis. The results indicate that after the pandemic, convivial attitudes toward Latin American migrants decreased. Chileans started perceiving them more negatively, particularly those respondents with lower educational levels and who live in increasingly multicultural neighborhoods with higher rates of migrant residents.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fsoc.2022.1009567

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 61

  1. Ahmad W. I. U. Bradby H. (2007). Locating ethnicity and health: exploring concepts and contexts. Sociol. Health Illn. 29, 795– 810. 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01051.x 17986016 · DOI
  2. Ali S. H. Keil R. (2006). Global cities and the spread of infectious disease: the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada. Urban Stud. 43, 491– 509. 10.1080/0042098050045245832170017 · DOI
  3. Anderson B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Revised Edition. Revised edition. London; New York, NY: Verso.
  4. Anderson B. (2013). Us and Them?: The Dangerous Politics of Immigration Control. Oxford University Press. Available online at: https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691593.001.0001/acprof-9780199691593 (accessed August 9, 2019). · DOI
  5. Atkinson R. Kintrea K. (2001). Disentangling area effects: evidence from deprived and non-deprived neighbourhoods. Urban Stud. 38, 2277– 2298. 10.1080/00420980120087162 · DOI
  6. Back L. Sinha S. (2016). Multicultural conviviality in the midst of racism's ruins. J. Intercult. Stud. 37, 517– 532. 10.1080/07256868.2016.1211625 · DOI
  7. Baldner C. Di Santo D. Talamo A. Pierro A. (2020). Sympathy as knowledge of the other in need: an investigation into the roles of need for closure and the moral foundations on sympathy toward immigrants. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 50, 240– 252. 10.1111/jasp.12654 · DOI
  8. Bates D. Mächler M. Bolker B. Walker S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1– 48. 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Bergamaschi A. Santagati M. (2019). When friendship is stronger than prejudice. Role of intergroup friendships among adolescents in two distinct socio-cultural contexts of immigration. Int. Rev. Sociol. 29, 36– 57. 10.1080/03906701.2019.1609750 · DOI
  10. Berry J. W. (2001). A Psychology of Immigration. J. Soc. 57, 615– 631. 10.1111/0022-4537.00231 · DOI
  11. Bonhomme M. (2021). Racismo en barrios multiculturales en Santiago de Chile: Precariedad habitacional y convivencia en contexto migratorio. Bitácora Urbano Territ. 3, 167– 182. 10.15446/bitacora.v31n1.88180 · DOI
  12. Bonhomme M. (2022). ‘We're a bit browner but we still belong to the white race’: making whiteness in the context of South-South migration in Chile. Lat. Am. Caribb. Ethn. Stud. 1– 17. 10.1080/17442222.2022.2099170 · DOI
  13. Bonhomme M. Alfaro A. (2022). ‘The filthy people’: racism in digital spaces during Covid-19 in the context of South–South migration. Int. J. Cult. Stud. 25, 404– 427. 10.1177/13678779221092462 PMC9096011 37519849 · DOI
  14. Briggs C. L. (2005). Communicability, racial discourse, and disease. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 34, 269– 291. 10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120618 · DOI
  15. Buck N. (2001). Identifying neighbourhood effects on social exclusion. Urban Stud. 38, 2251– 2275. 10.1080/00420980120087153 · DOI
  16. Caro D. H. Schulz W. (2012). Ten hypotheses about tolerance toward minorities among latin american adolescents. Citizsh. Soc. Econ. Educ. 11, 213– 234. 213–234. 10.2304/csee.2012.11.3.213 · DOI
  17. Cecchi S. (2019). “It's all their Fault”. immigrants as scapegoats and a mirror revealing social contradictions. Ital. Sociol. Rev. 9, 21– 41. 10.13136/isr.v9i1.259 · DOI
  18. Ceobanu A. M. Escandell X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: a review of theories and research. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 36, 309– 328. 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102651 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Chan C. Montt M. (2020). Many-faced orientalism: racism and xenophobia in a time of the novel coronavirus in Chile. Asian Ethn. 1– 21. 10.1080/14631369.2020.1795618 · DOI
  20. Connolly C. Keil R. Ali S. H. (2020). Extended urbanisation and the spatialities of infectious disease: demographic change, infrastructure and governance. Urban Stud. 22, 374– 394. 10.1177/0042098020910873 · DOI
  21. Côté R. R. Erickson B. H. (2009). Untangling the roots of tolerance: how forms of social capital shape attitudes toward ethnic minorities and immigrants. Am. Behav. Sci. 52, 1664– 1689. 10.1177/0002764209331532 · DOI
  22. Craddock S. (1995). Sewers and scapegoats: spatial metaphors of smallpox in nineteenth century San Francisco. Soc. Sci. Med. 40, 903– 918. 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00409-M 8545670 · DOI
  23. Croucher S. M. (2017). Integrated threat theory, in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication.
  24. Davidov E. Cieciuch J. Schmidt P. (2018). The cross-country measurement comparability in the immigration module of the European Social Survey 2014–15. Survey Res. Methods 12, 15– 27. 10.18148/srm/2018.v12i1.7212 · DOI
  25. Davies K. Tropp L. R. Aron A. Pettigrew T. F. Wright S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: a meta-analytic review. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 15, 332– 351. 10.1177/1088868311411103 21844287 · DOI
  26. Eicher V. Bangerter A. (2015). Social representations of infectious diseases, in The Cambridge Handbook of Social Representations Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology, eds. G. Sammut G. Andreouli E. Gaskell G. Valsiner J. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 385– 396.
  27. Eisnecker P. S. (2019). Non migrants' interethnic relationships with migrants: the role of the residential area, the workplace, and attitudes toward migrants from a longitudinal perspective. J. Ethnic Migrat. Stud. 45, 804– 824. 10.1080/1369183X.2017.1394180 · DOI
  28. Georgiou M. (2006). Diaspora, Identity and the Media: Diasporic Transnationalism and Mediated Spatialities. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  29. Gilroy P. (2004). After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture? Abingdon: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203482810 · DOI
  30. Givens T. E. (2007). Immigrant integration in europe: empirical research. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 10, 67– 83. 10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.162347 · DOI
  31. Goldberg D. T. (2001). The Racial State. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  32. González R. Sirlopú D. Kessler T. (2010). Prejudice among peruvians and chileans as a function of identity, intergroup contact, acculturation preferences, and intergroup emotions. J. Soc. 66, 673– 694. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01676.x · DOI
  33. Goodman S. W. Alarian H. M. (2021). National belonging and public support for multiculturalism. J. Race Ethn. Polit. 6, 305– 333. 10.1017/rep.2019.52 · DOI
  34. Harvey D. (2008). The right to the city. New Left Rev. 53, 23– 40. 10.1111/j.0309-1317.2003.00492.x · DOI
  35. Hässler T. González R. Lay S. Lickel B. Zagefka H. Tropp L. R.. (2019). With a little help from our friends: the impact of cross-group friendship on acculturation preferences. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 49, 366– 384. 10.1002/ejsp.2383 · DOI
  36. Jackman M. R. Muha M. J. (1984). Education and intergroup attitudes: moral enlightenment, superficial democratic commitment, or ideological refinement? Am. Sociol. Rev. 49, 751– 769. 10.2307/209552836575635 · DOI
  37. Jaime-Castillo A. M. Marqués-Perales I. Álvarez-Gálvez J. (2016). The impact of social expenditure on attitudes towards immigration in Europe. Soc. Indic. Res. 126, 1089– 1108. 10.1007/s11205-015-0939-0 · DOI
  38. Kraut A. M. (2010). Immigration, ethnicity, and the pandemic. Public Health Rep. 125, 123– 133. 10.1177/00333549101250S315 20568574 PMC2862341 · DOI
  39. Kunovich R. M. (2004). Social structural position and prejudice: an exploration of cross-national differences in regression slopes. Soc. Sci. Res. 33, 1– 186. 10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00037-1 · DOI
  40. Mason K. A. (2015). H1N1 is not a chinese virus: the racialization of people and viruses in post-SARS China. Stud. Comp. Int. Dev. 50, 500– 518. 10.1007/s12116-015-9198-y 32218614 PMC7090737 · DOI
  41. Meuleman B. Abts K. Schmidt P. Pettigrew T. F. Davidov E. (2020). Economic conditions, group relative deprivation and ethnic threat perceptions: a cross-national perspective. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 46, 593– 611. 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550157 · DOI
  42. Meuleman B. Davidov E. Billiet J. (2009). Changing attitudes toward immigration in Europe, 2002–2007: a dynamic group conflict theory approach. Soc. Sci. Res. 38, 352– 365. 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.09.006 19827179 · DOI
  43. Miranda D. Castillo J. C. Cumsille P. (2018). The political socialization of attitudes toward equal rights from a comparative perspective. Teach. Toler. Glob. World 4, 103– 123. 10.1007/978-3-319-78692-6_7 · DOI
  44. Moreno Figueroa M. G. Saldívar Tanaka E. (2016). ‘We Are Not Racists, We Are Mexicans’: privilege, nationalism and post-race ideology in Mexico. Crit. Sociol. 42, 15– 533. 10.1177/0896920515591296 · DOI
  45. Orrenius P. Zavodny M. (2009). Do immigrants work in riskier jobs? Demography 46, 535– 551. 10.1353/dem.0.0064 19771943 PMC2831347 · DOI
  46. Paluck E. L. Green S. A. Green D. P. (2019). The contact hypothesis re-evaluated. Behav. Public Policy 3, 129– 158. 10.1017/bpp.2018.25 · DOI
  47. Pérez M. Palma C. (2021). Peripheral citizenship: autoconstruction and migration in Santiago, Chile, in Emergent Spaces: Change and Innovation in Small Urban Spaces Palgrave Studies in Urban Anthropology, ed Kuppinger P. (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 25– 46.
  48. Pettigrew T. F. Tropp L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 38, 922– 934. 10.1002/ejsp.504 · DOI
  49. Pettigrew T. F. Wagner U. Christ O. (2007). Who opposes immigration?: Comparing german with north American findings. Bois Rev. Soc. Sci. Res. Race 4, 19– 39. 10.1017/S1742058X07070038 · DOI
  50. Quillian L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. Am. Sociol. Rev. 60, 586– 611. 10.2307/2096296 · DOI
  51. Redclift V. Rajina F. Rashid N. (2022). The burden of conviviality: british bangladeshi muslims navigating diversity in London, Luton and Birmingham. Sociology 56:1053–1250. 10.1177/00380385221090783 · DOI
  52. Roberts S. K. (2009). Infectious Fear: Politics, Disease, and the Health Effects of Segregation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  53. Salamońska J. (2022). Quantitative methods in migration research, in Introduction to Migration Studies: An Interactive Guide to the Literatures on Migration and Diversity IMISCOE Research Series, ed Scholten P. (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 425– 438.
  54. Sawchuk L. A. Burke S. D. (1998). Gibraltar's 1804 yellow fever scourge: the search for scapegoats. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 53, 3– 42. 10.1093/jhmas/53.1.3 9510598 · DOI
  55. Singer J. D. Willett J. B. (2003). Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  56. Stephan W. G. Diaz-Loving R. Duran A. (2000). Integrated threat theory and intercultural attitudes: Mexico and the United States. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 31, 240– 249. 10.1177/0022022100031002006 · DOI
  57. Tessler H. Choi M. Kao G. (2020). The anxiety of being asian american: hate crimes and negative biases during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am. J. Crim. Justice 45, 636– 646. 10.1007/s12103-020-09541-5 32837158 PMC7286555 · DOI · Paper page
  58. Tropp L. R. Pettigrew T. F. (2005). Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychol. Sci. 16, 951– 957. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01643.x 16313659 · DOI
  59. Valluvan S. (2016). Conviviality and multiculture: a post-integration sociology of multi-ethnic interaction. Young 24, 204– 221. 10.1177/1103308815624061 · DOI
  60. von Unger H. Scott P. Odukoya D. (2019). Constructing im/migrants and ethnic minority groups as ‘carriers of disease’: power effects of categorization practices in tuberculosis health reporting in the UK and Germany. Ethnicities 19, 518– 534. 518–534. 10.1177/1468796819833426 · DOI
  61. Zapata-Barrero R. Yalaz E. (2022). Qualitative methods in migration research, in Introduction to Migration Studies: An Interactive Guide to the Literatures on Migration and Diversity IMISCOE Research Series, ed Scholten P. (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 411– 423.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Castillo, J. C., Bonhomme, M., Miranda, D., & Iturra, J.
Venue
Frontiers in Sociology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-01-23
Volume
7
ISSN
2297-7775
DOI
10.3389/fsoc.2022.1009567
PMC
PMC9899890
Cited by
15
References
2
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID/FONDAP/15130009, ANID/FONDECYT Project No. 11190508, ANID/FONDECYT Project No. 1200082, ANID/FONDECYT Project No. 1210847, ANID/FONDECYT Project No. 322193)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review