Anti-Inflammatory and T-cell Immunomodulatory Effects of Banana Peel Extracts and Selected Bioactive Components in LPS-Challenged In Vitro and In Vivo Models
Open accessAbstract
Banana peel (BP) has potent antioxidative properties; however, the anti-inflammatory potential of BP and its related bioactive components remain unclear. This study used solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to isolate and identify the active fractions and compounds in BP. BP was extracted with 95% ethanol (BP-95E) and partitioned with an ethyl acetate (EA) and water mixture to obtain the BP-95E-EA and BP-95E-H2O fractions. The BP-95E-EA fractions were further partitioned with n-hexane (Hex) and methanol (MeOH) mixtures to obtain BP-95E-EA-Hex and BP-95E-EA-MeOH subfractions, and the BP-95E-H2O fractions were partitioned with n-butanol (BuOH) to obtain BP-95E-H2O-BuOH subfractions and the H2O residual. The results show that the BP-95E-H2O-BuOH subfractions exhibited the most potent inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion while down-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. In this active subfraction, five non-polyphenol compounds were identified, namely, 5-hydroxyethyl furfural (5-HMF), guaiol, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and oleamide. 5-HMF, guaiol, and oleamide were the most effective at suppressing IL-6 and TNF-α secretion. The in vivo immunomodulatory action of BP was evaluated in an LPS-induced endotoxemia model of BALB/c mice. Oral administration of BP-95E-H2O-BuOH extracts (42 and 166 mg/kg b.w.) for two weeks lowered the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and normalized the activated T-cell population, as evidenced by an increase in CD3CD69 and decrease in IFN-γ/IL-4 (Th1/Th2) in mice with systemic inflammation. Our findings reveal that BP exhibits anti-inflammatory and T-cell immunomodulatory effects that may contribute to delaying endotoxemia-associated disorders.
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Saba banana peel extract has anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion.
“Saba banana peel extract has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factorα (TNF -α) secretion.”
From Evaluating the synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Kapok banana peel (Musa acuminata balbisiana colla) and Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) extract gel formulation on wound healing (2025) · cites this paper as Hong et al., 2023
The combination of Saba banana peel extract gel and bay leaf extract can potentially enhance anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities in incision wounds.
“The research are in line with a previous study by Hong et al., 2023, the combination of Saba banana peel extract gel and bay leaf extract can potentially enhance the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities in incision wounds.”
From Evaluating the synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Kapok banana peel (Musa acuminata balbisiana colla) and Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) extract gel formulation on wound healing (2025) · cites this paper as Hong et al., 2023
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Pereira, A., & Maraschin, M. (2015) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.008 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Banana peels as a bioactive ingredient and its potential application in the food industry
Mohd Zaini, H., Roslan, J., Saallah, S., Munsu, E., Sulaiman, N. S., & Pindi, W. (2022) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2022.105054 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Kapadia, S., Pudakalkatti, P., & Shivanaikar, S. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Dentistry · doi:10.4103/0976-237x.169864 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Vu, H. T., Scarlett, C. J., & Vuong, Q. V. (2019) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-019-03610-2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
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Muniroh, N. A. N., Cahyaningrum, W. R., Sarinastiti, D. D., Putranti, R. A. D., Hanifa, N., Dhanti, K. R., Wardani, D. P. K., & Mulyanto, A. (2025) · Jurnal Teknologi Laboratorium · doi:10.29238/teknolabjournal.v14i1.483
- Authors
- Hong, Y.-H., Kao, C., Chang, C.-C., Chang, F.-K., Song, T.-Y., Houng, J.-Y., & Wu, C.-H.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan Normal University (TW)
- I-Shou University (TW)
- E-Da Hospital (TW)
- Dayeh University (TW)
- Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Corresponding author
- Houng, Jer-Yiing
- Venue
- Agriculture
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-02-14
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 451
- ISSN
- 2077-0472 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4321001969
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Agriculture (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- banana peel extract, anti-inflammatory activity, T cell immunomodulation, lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia, interleukin-6, TNF-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, guaiol, oleamide, oleic acid, linoleic acid, macrophages, Th1/Th2 balance, systemic inflammation, bioactive compounds
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