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Cited by 6Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic speciesAmphibian and Reptile BiologyPhysiological and biochemical adaptations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effects of Water Temperature on Gonads Growth in Ambystoma mexicanum Axolotl Salamanders

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Figiel, Chester R.·2023·Animals
DOI 10.3390/ani13050874PMC PMC10000224
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Abstract

The thermal environment is a major factor influencing amphibians. For example, amphibian reproduction occurs in specific temperatures, and minor changes in this aspect could have negative impacts on this biological process. Understanding the potential effects of temperature on reproductive output is important from both an ecological and captive breeding colony point of view. I examined temperature effects on reproduction in axolotl reared from egg to adult at 4 temperatures (15 °C, 19 °C, 23 °C, and 27 °C) These adult axolotls (n = 174) were measured and weighed, dissected, and their gonads were removed and weighed to obtain an individual’s reproductive allocation. Female axolotls reared at 23 °C had a greater Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) compared to axolotl reared at each of the other temperatures with axolotls reared at 27 °C having the lowest reproductive output. Moreover, all GSI pair-wise comparisons in the four temperature treatments were significantly different from each other (ANOVA, F (3, 66) = 61.681, p < 0.0001). Additionally male rearing temperature significantly influenced GSI (ANOVA, F (3, 89) = 10.441, p < 0.0001). Male axolotls reared at 19 °C had significantly greater GSI compared to males reared at the three other temperatures. There were no statistical differences among each of the other pair-wise comparisons. As seen in this experiment, axolotls may be especially sensitive to climate-driven warming due to their highly permeable skin and paedomorphic life history. Understanding how axolotls and other amphibian species adjust to the challenges of climate change is important in the management of this imperiled taxa.

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Figure 1 Effects of rearing temperature (15 °C, 19 °C, 23 °C, and 27 °C) on Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of female axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among temperatures. Mean ± standard deviation.
Figure 1 Effects of rearing temperature (15 °C, 19 °C, 23 °C, and 27 °C) on Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of female axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among temperatures. Mean ± standard deviation.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Effects of rearing temperature (15 °C, 19 °C, 23 °C, and 27 °C) on Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of male axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among temperatures. Mean ± standard deviation.
Figure 2 Effects of rearing temperature (15 °C, 19 °C, 23 °C, and 27 °C) on Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of male axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among temperatures. Mean ± standard deviation.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 12

  1. Fontenot, 2011, Thermal Selection and Temperature Preference of the Aquatic Salamander, Amphiuma tridactylum, Herp. Cons. Biol., 6, 395
  2. Hutchison, 1976, Thermal Selection in the Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, and the Mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, Herpetologica, 32, 327
  3. Moore, F.L. (1987). Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles, Springer.
  4. Heatwole, 2005, Hormonal regulation of reproductive cycles in amhibians, Amphibian Biology, Volume 6, 2045
  5. Rastogi, R.K., Pinelli, C., Polese, G., D’Aniello, B., and Chieffi-Baccari, G. (2011). Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Academic Press.
  6. Figiel, 2013, Cryopreservation of Sperm from the Axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum: Implications for Conservation, Herp. Cons. Biol., 8, 748
  7. Figiel, 2020, Cold Storage of Sperm from the Axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, Herp. Cons. Biol., 15, 367
  8. Bordzilovskaya, 1979, Table of stages of the normal development of axolotl embryos, Axolotl Newsl., 7, 2
  9. Rodriguezb, 2001, Gonadosomatic index and seasonal variations of plasma sex steroids in skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from the western Indian Ocean, Aquat. Living Resour., 14, 313
  10. Snedecor, G.W., and Cochran, W.G. (1989). Statist. Methods, Iowa State University Press.
  11. Dadras, 2017, Effect of water temperature on the physiology of fish spermatozoon function: A brief review Aquacul, Res., 48, 729
  12. Tsutsui, 1931, Notes on the Behavior of the Japanese newt, Diemyctylus pyrrhogaster Boie; (1) Breeding habits, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto. Imp. Univ., 7, 159

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Metadata

Authors
Figiel, C. R.
Affiliations
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (US)
Corresponding author
Figiel, Chester R.
ORCID
Figiel, Chester R.
Venue
Animals
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-02-28
Volume
13
Issue
5
Pages
874
ISSN
2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ani13050874
PMC
PMC10000224
OpenAlex
W4322715869
Cited by
5
References
26
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2
FWCI
0.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture
  • National Institutes of Health (P40OD019794)
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Amphibian and Reptile Biology
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
Keywords
axolotl, water temperature, gonadosomatic index, gonad growth, reproductive investment, amphibian reproduction, climate change, captive breeding, paedomorphosis, thermal sensitivity

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Effects of Water Temperature on Gonads Growth in Ambystoma mexicanum Axolotl Salamanders. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/ani13050874
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Figiel, C. R. (2023). Effects of Water Temperature on Gonads Growth in Ambystoma mexicanum Axolotl Salamanders. Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050874