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Cited by 36Geotechnical Engineering and Soil StabilizationConcrete and Cement Materials ResearchGeotechnical and construction materials studies

A Clay-Based Geopolymer in Loess Soil Stabilization

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Hanegbi, Nadav, Katra, Itzhak·2020·Applied Sciences
DOI 10.3390/app10072608
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Abstract

Soil erosion has environmental and socioeconomic significances. Loess soils cover about 10% of the global land area. Most of these soils are subjected to increased land uses such as unpaved roads, which increase soil destruction and dust emission to the atmosphere. There is a significant interest in applications for dust control and soil stabilization. Application of geopolymers may significantly reduce environmental impacts. This study examines the use of a metakaolin-based geopolymer for dust control and soil stabilization in a semi-arid loess soil. The application of the geopolymer for dust control in comparison with common products (brine, bitumen, polyvinyl acetate-PVA) resulted in no dust emission. As a soil stabilizer, the geopolymer tested in this study provides remarkably good results in the tensile test. The most successful composition of the geopolymer, which is activation solution of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) together with an addition of 30% metakaolin, obtained soil strength of 23,900 N after 28 days. The attempt to replace NaOH with lime (CaO) in the activation solution was far inferior to the original composition. There is a strong potential to develop natural soil stabilizers from a mineral base that even surpass their capabilities over existing synthetic stabilizers.

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  • In order to produce geopolymer, the sources of alumina and silica (fly ash and GGBFS) act as precursors that are easily dissolved in alkaline solutions resulted from alkaline activation, making geopolymerization possible.

    “In order to produce geopolymer, the sources of alumina and silica (fly ash and GGBFS) act as precursors that are easily dissolved in alkaline solutions resulted from alkaline activation, making geopolymerization possible [47,49,57,58,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68].”

    From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [49]

    The Introduction (page not provided) says geopolymers can be synthesized from calcined kaolin and a strongly alkaline solution, and mentions fly ash among materials used in loess stabilization. It does not identify GGBFS as a precursor or explain dissolution of alumina and silica as the mechanism of geopolymerization. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Manufacturing conventional soil stabilizers such as cement and lime results in considerable CO2 and energy emissions.

    “The manufacturing of conventional soil stabilizers such as cement and lime results in considerable CO2 and energy emissions [47,48,49].”

    From Potential of Soil Stabilization Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and Fly Ash via Geopolymerization Method: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [49]

    The Introduction discusses the environmental footprint of dust-control products but says it is unclear; it does not address emissions from manufacturing cement or lime. The Conclusions mention production costs for geopolymer ingredients, not CO2 emissions or energy use. Searches for cement and lime manufacturing, CO2, and energy emissions found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 24

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  2. Vodonos, A.; Friger, M.; Katra, I.; Krasnov, H.; Zahger, R.; Schwartz, J.; Novack, V. Individual Effect Modifiers of Dust Exposure Effect on Cardiovascular Morbidity. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, 0137714. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  3. Gyan, K.; Henry, W.; Lacaille, S.; Laloo, A.; Lamsee-Ebanks, C.; McKay, S.; Antoine, R.M.; Monteil, M.A. African dust clouds are associated with increased paediatric asthma accident and emergency admissions on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2005, 49, 371-376. [CrossRef] · DOI
  4. Kok, J.F. A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 108, 1016-1021. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
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  7. Tanner, S.; Katra, I.; Haim, A.; Zaady, E. Short-term soil loss by eolian erosion in response to different rain-fed agricultural practices. Soil Tillage Res. 2016, 155, 149-156. [CrossRef] · DOI
  8. Yulevitch, G.; Danon, M.; Krasovitov, B.; Fominykh, A.; Swet, N.; Tsesarsky, M.; Katra, I. Evaluation of wind-induced dust-PM emission from unpaved roads varying in silt content by experimental results. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 2020, 11, 261-268. [CrossRef] · DOI
  9. Katra, I. Comparison of Diverse Dust Control Products in Wind-Induced Dust Emission from Unpaved Roads. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 5204. [CrossRef] · DOI
  10. Faheem, M.M.; Abdullah, M.M.A.B.; Hussin, K.; Binhussain, M.; Ghazali, C.M.R.; Izzat, A.M.; Al Bakri, A.M.M.; Kamarudin, H.; Ruzaidi, C. Application of Clay-Based Geopolymer in Brick Production: A Review. Adv. Mater. Res. 2012, 626, 878-882. [CrossRef] · DOI
  11. Yunsheng, Z.; Wei, S.; Zongjin, L. Composition design and microstructural characterization of calcined kaolin-based geopolymer cement. Appl. Clay Sci. 2010, 47, 271-275. [CrossRef] · DOI
  12. Kong, R.; Zhang, F.; Wang, G.; Peng, J. Stabilization of Loess Using Nano-SiO2. Materials 2018, 11, 1014. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  13. Samnang, P.; Luo, Y.-S.; Li, S.-N.; Yin, Q. Influence of Submergence on Stabilization of Loess in Shaanxi Province by Adding Fly Ash. Appl. Sci. 2018, 9, 68.
  14. Shan, B.; Wang, C.; Dong, Q.; Tang, L.; Zhang, G.; Wei, J. Experimental study on improving collapsible loess with cement. Glob. Geol. 2010, 13, 79-84.
  15. Metelková, Z.; Bohac, J.; Prikryl, R.; Sedlářová, I. Maturation of loess treated with variable lime admixture: Pore space textural evolution and related phase changes. Appl. Clay Sci. 2012, 61, 37-43.
  16. Arrua, P.; Aiassa, G.; Eberhardt, M. Loess soil stabilized with cement for civil engineering applications. Int. J. Earth Sci. Eng. 2012, 5, 10-17.
  17. Li, P.; Li, H.S.; Liu, H.Q.; Wang, Z.L. Application for quick lime improving strength of loess subgrade. Adv. Build. Mater. 2011, 168-170, 2678-2682. [CrossRef] · DOI
  18. Roskin, J.; Katra, I.; Blumberg, D.G. Particle-size fractionation of eolian sand along the Sinai-Negev erg of Egypt and Israel. GSA Bull. 2013, 126, 47-65. [CrossRef] · DOI
  19. Swet, N.; Katra, I. Reduction in soil aggregation in response to dust emission processes. Geomorphology 2016, 268, 177-183. [CrossRef] · DOI
  20. Katra, I.; Yizhaq, H. Intensity and degree of segregation in bimodal and multimodal grain size distributions. Aeolian Res. 2017, 27, 23-34. [CrossRef] · DOI
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  22. Katra, I.; Elperin, T.; Fominykh, A.; Krasovitov, B.; Yizhaq, H. Modeling of particulate matter transport in atmospheric boundary layer following dust emission from source areas. Aeolian Res. 2016, 20, 147-156. [CrossRef] · DOI
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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hanegbi, N., & Katra, I.
Affiliations
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
Corresponding author
Katra, Itzhak
ORCID
Katra, Itzhak
Venue
Applied Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-04-10
Volume
10
Issue
7
Pages
2608
ISSN
2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/app10072608
OpenAlex
W3017116674
Cited by
36
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI
2.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical and construction materials studies
Keywords
geopolymer, loess soils, soil stabilization, dust control, metakaolin, sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide activation, tensile strength, soil erosion, semi-arid soils, dirt roads, lime activation

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