The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 60 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology
Open accessAbstract
The topic of Nuclear Safety Culture touches several different aspects with contributions from the main organizations involved in nuclear projects and belonging to vendors, utility and regulators. Two nuclear safety directives issued by the European Commission emphasize the fundamental principle of national responsibility for nuclear safety and are implemented in each member country’s legislation. An example of fission implementation is highlighted, referring to the Czech Republic legislation; an example of application in fusion technology is the implementation of the Nuclear Safety Culture in the ITER project, located in Cadarache, in the south of France. The aim of the paper is to highlight the importance of this field, pointing out the cross reference between fission and fusion technology as applied in two countries, with concrete experiences and future prospects for nuclear technologies.
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
This paper describes Nuclear Safety Culture (NSC) implementation in European fission and fusion contexts, using the Czech Republic and the ITER project as examples. It argues that NSC principles developed for fission can inform fusion safety, while noting that fusion risk assessment remains less mature.
Key findings
- The Czech Republic hosts six NPP units: two VVER 1000/320 at Temelín and four VVER 440/213 at Dukovany; future construction could add two new units per site, with approximately 2400 MWe installed power per site.
- Czech NSC is addressed in the Atomic Act and 20 subsequent decrees, with license holders required to implement safety culture in the management system, conduct regular self-assessment at least once a year, and communicate results to each employee.
- A 2015 leak at EDU Unit 4 led to a six-month shutdown of Units 2 and 3, extended outages of other units, and a calculated financial loss of EUR 100 million, despite being rated INES 0.
- ITER is identified as INB no. 174 in France and is described as the first fusion device to pass the full nuclear licensing process; its Preliminary Safety Report indicated the most exposed public would receive a dose one thousand times less than natural background radiation, and evacuation would never be necessary even in worst accidents such as a fire in the tritium plant.
Methods
- The paper is mainly a descriptive study, not focused on a theoretical point of view, and describes NSC traits within the EU nuclear context.
- It uses two examples: Czech Republic fission and fusion-related nuclear facilities and legislation, and the ITER project in France, including French INB regulations and ASN decisions.
- It reviews NSC frameworks such as the US NRC “10 Traits” reference framework and discusses their possible use for fusion reactors.
Limitations
- The paper states it is mainly descriptive and not focused on a theoretical point of view.
- The paper states that in fusion installations the probability of accident occurrence is still under investigation due to complexity and relatively low experience in maintenance and operation of existing facilities such as JET, ASDEX, and COMPASS; total risk is not easily quantifiable and should probably not be considered low or negligible.
- Evident from the text: the study relies on two illustrative cases rather than a systematic empirical sample or quantitative comparative analysis.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 3 Not valid · 41 Not checked · 15 Own results and interpretations
In the paper
“-Satisfaction with the favorable assessment for both NPPs, even on an international basis, e.g., in the framework of a number of reports and conclusions from missions carried out by IAEA or WANO;”
§ Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology > 2.2. NSC in Fission: The Czech Republic Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] (2021, April 19). State Office for Nuclear Safety, the Czech Republic National Report under the Convention on Nuclear Safety Prague, April 2016. Available online: https://www.sujb.cz/en/reports.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During the investigation of the event, it was found that inconclusive inspections of welded joints on non-essential pipelines of smaller diameters had been carried out for some time.”
§ Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology > 2.2. NSC in Fission: The Czech Republic Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] (2021, April 19). Státní Úřad pro Jadernou Bezpečnost, Zpráva o Výsledcích Činnosti Sújb při Výkonu Státního Dozoru nad Jadernou Bezpečností Jaderných Zařízení a Radiační Ochranou za Rok 2015, Část I, Praha. Available online: https://www.sujb.cz/dokumenty-a-publikace/vyrocni-zpravy.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“-non-conceptual efforts to reduce costs also had an influence [51].”
§ Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology > 3.1. ITER Project in the French Nuclear Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] (2021, April 19). State Office for Nuclear Safety, the Czech Republic National Report under the Convention on Nuclear Safety Prague, April 2016. Available online: https://www.sujb.cz/en/reports.
plainstates a causeSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The importance of NSC can be demonstrated by the example of the following event: in 2015, a leak from a welded joint of the emergency water supply pipeline of the steam generator was identified at EDU Unit 4.”
§ Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology > 2.2. NSC in Fission: The Czech Republic Implementation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] (2021, April 19). Státní Úřad pro Jadernou Bezpečnost, Zpráva o Výsledcích Činnosti Sújb při Výkonu Státního Dozoru nad Jadernou Bezpečností Jaderných Zařízení a Radiační Ochranou za Rok 2015, Část I, Praha. Available online: https://www.sujb.cz/dokumenty-a-publikace/vyrocni-zpravy.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A check of a cited source is scheduled, or we don’t hold its full text yet; the claim is checked once it runs.
In the paper
“The license holder calculated the total financial loss at EUR 100 million [48], even if the event was rated as an INES 0 [50].”
§ Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology > 3.1. ITER Project in the French Nuclear Context
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48] State Ofiice for Nuclear Safety, B-VDS038(2)_INS_HOD_JB_2.01, Sběr A Hodnocení Dat K Vyhodnocení Úrovně Kultury Bezpečnosti Na Jaderných Zařízeních, 1 March 2020.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked yetcites [50] (2021, April 19). Státní Úřad pro Jadernou Bezpečnost, Zpráva o Výsledcích Činnosti Sújb při Výkonu Státního Dozoru nad Jadernou Bezpečností Jaderných Zařízení a Radiační Ochranou za Rok 2015, Část I, Praha. Available online: https://www.sujb.cz/dokumenty-a-publikace/vyrocni-zpravy.
A check is scheduled.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
18 more claims
Create a free account to see all 59 claims and to verify the 54 references still open.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology > •
“ITER [16] is located near Cadarache in southern France”
§ Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology > References
“16. SUSEN. Available online: http://susen2020.cz/ (accessed on 19 April 2021).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology > 3.2. NSC in Fusion: The ITER Implementation
“ITER safety studies started in the mid-1990s and were later adapted to the present location in Cadarache (France) [9,10].”
§ Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology > References
“9. IAEA. TMI Accident Report. Available online: https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/13/677/13677904. pdf (accessed on 19 April 2021). 10. IAEA. Chernobyl Accident Report.”
Citations
Cites
Nuclear safety issues for fusion power plants
Lukacs, M., & Williams, L. G. (2019) · Fusion Engineering and Design · doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.111377 · Cited by 43
An assessment for the erosion rate of DEMO first wall
Tokar, M. Z. (2018) · Nuclear Fusion · doi:10.1088/1741-4326/aa92dd · Cited by 20
Herb, J., Raeder, J., Weller, A., WOLF, R. C., Boccaccini, L. V., Carloni, D., Jin, X. Z., Stieglitz, R., & Pistner, C. (2014) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 13
Mezinárodní závazky České republiky k zavedení trestní odpovědnosti právnických osob
Kopečný, Z. (2017) · AUC IURIDICA · doi:10.14712/23366478.2017.7 · Cited by 5
Faross, P. (2014) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783845252360-39 · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- International Atomic Energy Agency (2021, April 19). IAEA Safety Glossary: 2018 Edition. Vienna. Available online: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/PUB1830_web.pdf.
- (2021, April 19). IBRS. Available online: https://www.protext.cz/english/press-release.php?id=19194.
Cited by
Lye, A., Chang, J., Xiao, S., & Chung, K. Y. (2024) · Journal of Nuclear Engineering · doi:10.3390/jne5040029 · Cited by 23
Integrated Approach for Safety Culture Factor Evaluation from a Sustainability Perspective
Jasiulewicz–Kaczmarek, M., Antosz, K., Wyczółkowski, R., & Sławińska, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191911869 · Cited by 20
Modeling and Assessment of Human and Organization Factors of Nuclear Safety Culture in Saudi Arabia
Alshehri, S. M., Alzahrani, S. M., & Alwafi, A. (2022) · Nuclear Engineering and Design · doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112176 · Cited by 16
Reinforcement Learning-Based Control Sequence Optimization for Advanced Reactors
Nguyen, K. H. N., Rivas, A., Delipei, G. K., & Hou, J. (2024) · Journal of Nuclear Engineering · doi:10.3390/jne5030015 · Cited by 16
Kud, K., Woźniak, M., & Badora, A. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14175551 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Lomonaco, G., Mainardi, E., Marková, T., & Mazzini, G.
- Affiliations
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova (IT)
- Ansaldo (Italy) (IT)
- Czech Technical University in Prague (CZ)
- National Radiation Protection Institute (CZ)
- Corresponding author
- Lomonaco, Guglielmo
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-05-15
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 4511
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3162892849
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a6de14c9ea8b9fe7d530607cc263e385f288925
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality › Nuclear and radioactivity studies
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Occupational Health and Safety Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › International Environmental Law and Policies
- Keywords
- nuclear safety culture, fusion technology, ITER, nuclear safety law, nuclear regulation
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/app11104511
- The paper
- Lomonaco, G., Mainardi, E., Marková, T., & Mazzini, G. (2021). Approaching Nuclear Safety Culture in Fission and Fusion Technology. Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104511
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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