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Cited by 53Energy and Environment ImpactsIndoor Air Quality and Microbial ExposureAir Quality and Health Impacts

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Indoor Air Pollution from Residential Stoves: Examining the Flooding of Particulate Matter into Homes during Real-World Use

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Chakraborty, Rohit, Heydon, James, Mayfield, Martin, Mihaylova, Lyudmila·2020·Atmosphere
DOI 10.3390/atmos11121326
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Abstract

This study concerns the levels of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM1) released by residential stoves inside the home during ‘real world’ use. Focusing on stoves that were certified by the UK’s Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), PM sensors were placed in the vicinity of 20 different stoves over four weeks, recording 260 uses. The participants completed a research diary in order to provide information on time lit, amount and type of fuel used, and duration of use, among other details. Multivariate statistical tools were used in order to analyse indoor PM concentrations, averages, intensities, and their relationship to aspects of stove management. The study has four core findings. First, the daily average indoor PM concentrations when a stove was used were higher for PM2.5 by 196.23% and PM1 by 227.80% than those of the non-use control group. Second, hourly peak averages are higher for PM2.5 by 123.91% and for PM1 by 133.09% than daily averages, showing that PM is ‘flooding’ into indoor areas through normal use. Third, the peaks that are derived from these ’flooding’ incidents are associated with the number of fuel pieces used and length of the burn period. This points to the opening of the stove door as a primary mechanism for introducing PM into the home. Finally, it demonstrates that the indoor air pollution being witnessed is not originating from outside the home. Taken together, the study demonstrates that people inside homes with a residential stove are at risk of exposure to high intensities of PM2.5 and PM1 within a short period of time through normal use. It is recommended that this risk be reflected in the testing and regulation of residential stoves.

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Metadata

Authors
Chakraborty, R., Heydon, J., Mayfield, M., & Mihaylova, L.
Affiliations
  • University of Sheffield (GB)
  • University of Nottingham (GB)
Corresponding author
Chakraborty, Rohit
ORCID
Venue
Atmosphere
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-12-07
Volume
11
Issue
12
Pages
1326
ISSN
2073-4433 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/atmos11121326
OpenAlex
W3112215686
Cited by
53
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 3
FWCI
1.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Atmosphere (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
  • Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures
  • University of Sheffield
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
Keywords
indoor air pollution, particulate matter, PM2.5, PM1, household fuel use, indoor air quality regulation

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Indoor Air Pollution from Residential Stoves: Examining the Flooding of Particulate Matter into Homes during Real-World Use. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/atmos11121326
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Chakraborty, R., Heydon, J., Mayfield, M., & Mihaylova, L. (2020). Indoor Air Pollution from Residential Stoves: Examining the Flooding of Particulate Matter into Homes during Real-World Use. Atmosphere. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121326